1. Objectives of Chapter 15 Chapter 15. Polymers
[유기재료(organic material) 의 대표적 사례]
Objectives of Chapter 15
Discuss the classification of Polymers
Learn two main ways of creating a Polymer
Study the effect of temperature on Thermoplastics
Study mechanical properties of Thermoplastics
Polymer(고분자): [Plastic과 구분 설명!!]
플라스틱, 고무, 접착재 등의 재료를 포함하는 10,000 ~ 1,000,000 g/mol
정도의 분자량을 갖는 거대한 사슬형태의 분자로 이루어진 유기물.
폴리머의 사용 용도:
장난감, 페인트, 접착제, 타이어, 아크릴, 테플론, 주방기구, 반도체 패키지 등

2. Chapter 15. Polymers
Have you ever wondered?

3. Chapter 15. Polymers
Summary
** Plastic: polymer의 1종류로, polymeric compound에 각종 첨가물이 포함된 유기재료.

4. Chapter 15. Polymers
Summary

5. Chapter 15. Polymers
Summary

6. Chapter Outline Chapter 15. Polymers 15.1 Classification of Polymers
15.2 Addition Polymerization
15.3 Condensation Polymerization
15.4 Degree of Polymerization
15.5 Typical Thermoplastics
15.6 Structure–Property Relationships in Thermoplastics
15.7 Effect of Temperature on Thermoplastics
15.8 Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastics
15.9 Elastomers (Rubbers)
15.10 Thermosetting Polymers
15.11 Adhesives
15.12 Additives for Plastics
15.13 Polymer Processing and Recycling
Summary

7. Section 15.1 Classification of Polymers [Polymer의 구분]
Chapter 15. Polymers
Section Classification of Polymers [Polymer의 구분]
Linear polymer - Any polymer in which molecules are in the form of spaghetti-like chains.
Thermoplastics - Linear or branched polymers in which chains of molecules are not interconnected to one another.(열가소성: 온도가 올라가면 연해지는 특성)
Thermosetting polymers - Polymers that are heavily cross-linked to produce a strong three dimensional network structure.(열경화성: 온도가 올라가면 단단해 짐)
Elastomers - These are polymers (thermoplastics or lightly cross-linked thermosets) that have an elastic deformation > 200%.(탄성체: 고무처럼 거동)
Summary

8. Chapter 15. Polymers Branch Covalent bond
Summary
Network=cross link=3D
Fig Schematic showing linear and branched polymer.
Linear unbranched polymer, (b) Linear branched polymer
(c) Thermoset polymer without branching, (d) Thermoset polymer

9. Chapter 15. Polymers
열가소성
열경화성
탄성체
Summary

10. C2H4 : ethylene Chapter 15. Polymers [폴리에틸렌의 구조 표시법] Figure 15.2
Three ways to represent the structure of polyethylene:
(a) a solid three-dimensional model, (b) a three-dimensional “space” model, and
(c) a simple two-dimensional model.
Summary

11. Chapter 15. Polymers [벤젠(benzene)링의 구조 표시 방법] 밴 젠: C6H6 스티렌: C8H8
Summary
Figure Two ways to represent the benzene ring. In this case, the benzene ring is shown attached to a pair of carbon atoms, producing styrene.

12. Section 15.2 Addition Polymerization
Chapter 15. Polymers
Section Addition Polymerization
Addition polymerization(부가중합) - Process by which polymer chains are built up by adding monomers together without creating a byproduct.
Unsaturated bond(불포화결합)- The double- or even triple-covalent bond joining two atoms together in an organic molecule.
(예: C2H4 monomer에서 double bond는 불포화 결합임)
Functionality(기능성, 관능성) - The number of sites on a monomer at which polymerization can occur.
Summary

13. Chapter 15. Polymers Monomer Bifunctional Free radical Mer
전자 1개
 Active site
Mer
Summary
Figure The addition reaction for producing polyethylene from ethylene molecules. The unsaturated double bond in the monomer is broken to produce active sites, which then attract additional repeat units to either end to produce a chain. (부가중합의 예)  by product 가 없음.
** Oligomers를 정의 하세요.

14. Chapter 15. Polymers 개시제 형성 반복단위 결합 사슬증식 ⇒ 종결제 부착.
Figure 15.5 Initiation of a polyethylene chain by chain-growth may involve
(a) producing free radicals from initiators such as benzoyl peroxide, (b) attachment of a polyethylene repeat unit to one of the initiator radicals, and (c) attachment of additional repeat units to propagate the chain.
개시제 형성
반복단위 결합
Summary
사슬증식 ⇒ 종결제 부착.

15. Chapter 15. Polymers 연결 성장 종결
Figure Termination of polyethylene chain growth: (a) the active ends of two chains come into close proximity,
(b) the two chains undergo combina-tion and become one large chain, and (c) rearrangement of a hydrogen atom and creation of a double covalent bond by dispropor-tionation cause termination of two chains.
Disproportionate: 불균형의 연결
성장 종결

16. Section 15.3 Condensation Polymerization
Chapter 15. Polymers
Section Condensation Polymerization
Condensation polymerization (축합 중합) - A polymerization mechanism in which a small molecule (e.g., water, methanol, etc.) is condensed out as a byproduct.
 최소한 두가지 이상의 단량체가 반응에 참여하며
by product가 발생.
Summary
비고: Addition polymerization(부가중합)

17. Chapter 15. Polymers
Summary
Figure The condensation reaction for polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a common polyester. The OCH3 group and a hydrogen atom are removed from the monomers, permitting the two monomers to join and producing methyl alcohol as a byproduct.

18. Section 15.4 Degree of Polymerization
Chapter 15. Polymers
Section Degree of Polymerization
Degree of polymerization(중합도) - The average molecular weight of the polymer divided by the molecular weight of the monomer.
 선형폴리머의 평균길이는 중합도 또는 사슬 내부단위체 숫자로 나타낼 수 있음. (예제 15-4 참고)
Summary
중합도 = 폴리머의 분자량/반복단위체의 분자량
[C2H4]n

19. Section 15.5 Typical Thermoplastics
Chapter 15. Polymers
Section Typical Thermoplastics
Summary

20. Chapter 15. Polymers
Summary

21. Chapter 15. Polymers
C2H3Cl
Summary

22. Chapter 15. Polymers
Table 15.3 (Continued)
Summary

23. Chapter 15. Polymers
Summary

24. Section 15.6 Structure–Property Relationships in Thermoplastics
Chapter 15. Polymers
Section Structure–Property Relationships in Thermoplastics
Branched polymer - Any polymer consisting of chains that consist of a main chain and secondary chains that branch off from the main chain.
Crystallinity is important in polymers since it affects mechanical and optical properties.
Tacticity - Describes the location in the polymer chain of atoms or atom groups in nonsymmetrical monomers.
Copolymer - An addition polymer produced by joining more than one type of monomer.
Liquid-crystalline polymers - Exceptionally stiff polymer chains that act as rigid rods, even above their melting point. ⇒ used to make electronic displays. [LCD??]
Summary

25. Chapter 15. Polymers - The least regular and least predictable,
Summary
- The least regular and least predictable,
tends to give poor packing, low density,
low strength and stiffness, and poor resistance
to heat or chemical attack.
- More likely to have an amorphous structure.

26. Chapter 15. Polymers
Graft: 접목하다, 합체하다.

27. Chapter 15. Polymers
Summary

28. Section 15.7 Effect of Temperature on Thermoplastics
Chapter 15. Polymers
Section Effect of Temperature on Thermoplastics
Degradation temperature(열화) - The temperature above which a polymer burns, chars, or decomposes.
Glass (transition) temperature(유리전이온도) - The temperature range below which the amorphous polymer assumes a rigid glassy structure.
⇒ glass transition temperature: Tg (소성가공 온도범위).
** 비교: Tm for normal metal.
Summary

29. Chapter 15. Polymers Tm Tg
Summary
** Tm, Tg를 비교 설명하세오.

30. Chapter 15. Polymers Figure 15.13
The effect of temperature on the modulus of elasticity for an amorphous thermoplastic. Note that Tg and Tm are not fixed.
Summary

31. Chapter 15. Polymers Volume-Temp. 그래프? Figure 15.14
The relationship between the density and the temperature of the polymer shows the melting and glass temperatures. Note that Tg and Tm are not fixed; rather, they are ranges of temperatures.
Summary
저온  고온

32. Chapter 15. Polymers Figure 15.15
- Crystallize : when cooled below the melting temperature,
the chains becoming closely aligned over appreciable distance.
Summary
Figure 15.15
The folded chain, model for crystallinity in polymers, shown in (a) two dimensions and (b) three dimensions.

33. Chapter 15. Polymers Figure 15.16
Photograph of spherulitic crystals in an amorphous matrix of nylon ( 200).
Summary

34. Chapter 15. Polymers
Summary

35. Section 15.8 Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastics
Chapter 15. Polymers
Section Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastics
Viscoelasticity(점탄성) - The deformation of a material by elastic deformation and viscous flow (plastic deformation) of the material when stress is applied.
Relaxation time(완화시간) - A property of a polymer that is related to the rate at which stress relaxation occurs.
Stress relaxation - A reduction of the stress acting on a material over a period of time at a constant strain due to viscoelastic deformation.
Summary

36. Chapter 15. Polymers * Necking의 의미?? ** Cf: A consequence of
dislocation movement (in metals)
In Polymer: dislocation 이동 결과가 아님.
탄성변형: 중합체 사슬의 뒤틀림 회복
소성변형: Chains stretch, rotate, slide,
and disentangle (polymer).
Necking: 사슬이 풀리고, 펴짐
평형응력 영역: Chains become parallel
and close together;
stronger van der Waals bonding
가공경화: higher stress to complete
the deformation and fracture process
Summary

37. Chapter 15. Polymers
Summary

38. Section 15.9 Elastomers:탄성체, (Rubbers, 고무)
Chapter 15. Polymers
Section Elastomers:탄성체, (Rubbers, 고무)
Geometric isomer(기하이성체) - A molecule that has the same composition as, but a structure different from, a second molecule. (조성은 같지만 구조가 다른 분자)
Diene(디엔) - A group of monomers that contain two double-covalent bonds. These monomers are often used in producing elastomers. [Fig 의 monomer참고]
Cross-linking(가교반응) - Attaching chains of polymers together to produce a three-dimensional network polymer. [3차원 네트워크 구조 형성 반응]
Vulcanization(가황처리) - Cross-linking elastomer chains by introducing sulfur or other chemicals. [Fig 참고]
Summary

39. Chapter 15. Polymers
Cross linking의 중요성: elastic -
Summary

40. Chapter 15. Polymers
Vulcanization(가황처리)의 예
Summary

41. Chapter 15. Polymers
<Typical thermoplastic polymer>
Summary

42. Chapter 15. Polymers
Summary

43. Chapter 15. Polymers
Table 15.8 (Continued)
Summary

44. Chapter 15. Polymers
Summary

45. Section 15.10 Thermosetting Polymers
Chapter 15. Polymers
Section Thermosetting Polymers
Phenolics
Amines
Urethanes
Polyesters
Epoxies
Polyimides
Interpenetrating Polymer Networks
Summary
열경화성 수지:
3차원적인 망목(network)구조를 이루는 사슬의 복잡한 가교결합 폴리머.
높은 강도, 견고함, 경도, 온도가 올라가면 가교반응으로 단단해 짐.

46. Chapter 15. Polymers
Summary

47. Chapter 15. Polymers
Summary

48. Section 15.11 Adhesives Chapter 15. Polymers
Chemically Reactive Adhesives
Evaporation or Diffusion Adhesives
Hot-Melt Adhesives
Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives
Conductive Adhesives
Summary
접착제(adhesives)는 서로 다른 폴리머, 금속, 세라믹, 복합재나 이런 재료의
조합들을 붙이는데 사용된다. 종류로는 상기의 것 들이 있다.
용도로는 자동차산업, 항공우주산업, 각종설비, 전기재료, 건축재 등이 있음.

49. Section 15.12 Additives for Plastics(폴리머의 첨가재)
Chapter 15. Polymers
Section Additives for Plastics(폴리머의 첨가재)
Fillers(충전제): 강도나 마모저항 향상을 위한 용도
Pigments(안료): 색상을 내기 위한 용도
Stabilizers(안정제): 폴리머의 질을 유지하기 위한 용도
Antistatic Agents(대전방지제): 정전기 방지 용도
Flame Retardants(내연제): 불에 잘 안타게 하는 용도
Plasticizers(가소제): 유리전이 온도를 낮추는 용도
Reinforcements(강화제): 강도와 견고성 향상 용도
Catalysts(촉매): 반응 촉진 용도
Summary
폴리머에 사용되는 첨가제의 종류와 역할: 영어와 한국어의 관계

50. Polymer Processing and Recycling
Chapter 15. Polymers
Section 15.13
Polymer Processing and Recycling
Forming Processes for Thermoplastics polymer : Tg 온도 이상
Extrusion(압출) : 스크루 등 사용 해서 밀어냄 [drawing:인발]
Blow Molding(블로우성형) : 유체 사용해서 충진
Injection Molding(사출성형) : 피스톤 사용해서 충진
Thermoforming(열성형): 가열해서 형상 제조
Forming Processes for Thermosetting polymer : powder 상태
Calendaring(카렌더링)
Spinning(스피닝)
Compression Molding(압축성형)
Transfer Molding(이동성형)
Summary
폴리머의 가공에 사용되는 공정들 : 영어와 한국어의 관계

51. Chapter 15. Polymers
Polymer fiber 제조
Summary

52. Chapter 15. Polymers
Polymer 비닐봉투 제조
Summary

53. Chapter 15. Polymers
Summary

54. Chapter 15. Polymers
Summary

55. [숙 제] Chapter 15. Polymers Monomer, polymer, mer를 정의하고 예를 들어서 설명해 보세요.
[숙 제]
Monomer, polymer, mer를 정의하고 예를 들어서 설명해 보세요.
Polymer는 thermoplastic -, thermosetting - 및 elastomer 의
3가지로 구분이 가능하다.
각각에 대해서 특징을 설명하고, 대표적인 예를 2개 이상 들어보라.
폴리머의 첨가재에 대하여 열거하고 설명하시오.
폴리머의 공업적 중요성에 대해서 설명하시오.
Summary
** 연습문제: 15-1[16-1], 15-2[16-2], 15-4[16-4], 15-11[16-6], 15-19[16-11], 15-49[16-28].