1. Does the Optimistic Concurrency resolve your blocking problems Margarita Naumova, SQL Master Academy

2. About me Working with SQL Server from v6.5 SQL Server Trainer and Consultant with over 60 projects in Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, UK, Sweden… 5 years Senior Consultant in Microsoft, member of Microsoft Worldwide Technical Leadership Team BG SQL UG Founder and Leader Now teaching and presenting SQL Server, running SQL Master Academy Training Program - www.SQLMasterAcademy.com and SQL Server consulting company - www.inspirit.bgwww.SQLMasterAcademy.comwww.inspirit.bg

3. What’s the problem –The blocking drama and how to isolate it –The main reason, the common occurrence How we are used to resolve the problems while working with pessimistic concurrency levels –Some working and not so well working solutions Optimistic Concurrency –how it works, when it could be a solution and in what cases it could generate problems –Side effects and thinks to consider Approaching the blocking today

4. Locking and blocking are often confused! Locking The action of taking and potentially holding locks Used to implement concurrency control between transactions Blocking is a result of long time locking! One process needs to wait for another process to release locked resources In a multiuser environment, there is always blocking! Only a problem if it lasts too long The drama of blocking

5. Blocking and how to get info about it DEMO

6. Writers block readers and vise versa Resource blocking - performance Lock escalation Lock duration Default pessimistic isolation level – holding eXclusive lock too early Increasing isolation level to RR because the need of consistent reading Serializable specific cases – no index or using EF Schema blocking Writers block writers (concurrent writing – OLTP) The common reasons of blocking

7. Controlling lock escalation with ALTER TABLE –ALTER TABLE Person.Address SET (LOCK_ESCALATION = {AUTO | TABLE | DISABLE) –Trace flag 1211 – disables lock escalation on server level –Trace flag 1224 – disables lock escalation on server level until 40% of the memory used is consumed Controlling Lock duration with SET LOCK TIMEOUT n(sec) –Error 1222!!! Reading dirty data with hints – NO_LOCK, READPAST –Data consistency!! How we are used to deal with blocking in pessimistic concurrency None of them is a good solutions!

8. How we are used to deal with blocking in pessimistic concurrency Consider solutions design changes –Partitioning –Workload separation using 2012 AG or other technologies like replication –In Memory OLTP tables in SQL Server 2014 OK, but it takes additional resources!

9. Based on Row versioning –When updating a row, the previous version is stored in the version store –The new row contains a pointer to the old row in the version store Adds 14bytes to every row Needs Version Store i.e. TempDB space Readers do not block writers and writers do not block readers. BUT writers can and will block writers, this can cause conflicts. Optimistic Concurrency V1 V2 Transaction 1 Transaction 2 Select

10. Implementation – RCSI and SI RCSI –Statement-Level versioning, i.e. any query sees the last version of data as of the beginning of the statement –Requires ALTER ATABASE SET READ_COMMITTED_SNAPSHOT ON V1 V2 Transaction 1 Transaction 2 Select in RCSI Select Select in SI Snapshot Isolation Level –Session Level versioning, i.e. the most recent committed version of the rows as of the beginning of the transaction –Requires ALTER DATABASE SET ALLOW_SNAPSHOT_ISOLATION ON and SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SNAPSHOT –If used then better together with RCSI! Else, you have drawbacks of versioning only! –Conflicts occur!! –Some DDL statements are not allowed within SI transactions (no metadata versioning exists)

11. DEMO Optimistic Concurrency

12. The Version Store –SQL Server starts generating versions in tempdb as soon as a database is enabled for one of the snapshot-based isolation levels –Maintains link lists of rows, the end of the list is the oldest version of that particular row Managing Version Store –SQL Server maintains a clean-up thread –If file cannot grow, a snapshot query fails (tempdb growth errors) –Monitoring counters Free Space in tempdb Version Store Size Version Generation Rate and Version Cleanup Rate Longest Transaction Running Time Snapshot Transactions Managing Version store [size of common version store] = 2 * [version store data generated per minute] * [longest running time (minutes) of the transaction]

13. RCSI –Consumes less tempdb space than SI –Works with distributed transactions; SI does not –Does not produce update conflicts –Does not require any change in your applications. Any of your applications written using the default Read Committed isolation level automatically uses RCSI after making the change at the database level (you should always test first, check the complex Begin..commits) Consider using SI when –The probability is low that any of your transactions have to be rolled back because of an update conflict. –You have reports that need to be generated based on long-running, multistatement queries that must have point-in-time consistency Choosing a Concurrency Model

14. SELECT operations do not acquire shared locks, so readers and writers do not block each other. All SELECT operations retrieve a consistent snapshot of the data. The total number of locks needed is greatly reduced compared to pessimistic concurrency, so less system overhead is used. SQL Server needs to perform fewer lock escalations. Deadlocks are less likely to occur Benefits of Optimistic Concurrency

15. SELECT performance can be affected negatively when long-version chains must be scanned. The older the snapshot, the more time it takes to access the required row in an SI transaction. Row versioning requires additional resources in tempdb. The space in tempdb must be carefully managed Row versioning information increases the size of every affected row by 14 bytes. UPDATE performance might be slower due to the work involved in maintaining the row versions Applications must be programmed to deal with any update conflicts that occur in SI Costs of Optimistic Concurrency 15

16. Writers block writers cases in high intensive OLTP workloads Resource blockings (you need to perform resource optimizations first) Lock escalation (especially X locks) Schema blocking In-Memory OLTP Memory-optimized Tables is a special case! What optimistic concurrency doesn’t resolve

17. Thank you! www.maginaumova.com www.sqlmasteracademy.com http://bg.linkedin.com/pub/margarita- naumova/9/965/206