1. 工作流技术 工作流模型

2. Workflow Technologies2 题纲 1. 工作流基本术语 2. 过程概念和结构 3. 工作流扩展术语 4. 工作流建模  模型体系结构  工作流元模型  有向图模型 5. 工作流的执行过程和状态转换

3. Workflow Technologies3 一、工作流基本术语 Business Process  A set of one or more linked procedures or activities which collectively realise a business objective or policy goal, normally within the context of an organisational structure defining functional roles and relationships.

4. Workflow Technologies4 一、工作流基本术语 例子 :  采购订单决策

5. Workflow Technologies5 一、工作流基本术语 2 ．过程定义（对过程建模的要求） 过程定义是业务过程的计算机化的表示。 业务过程的描述形式应支持自动化的操作， 如：建模、由工作流管理系统再现。 过程定义包括：活动网及活动间的关系、 过程开始和结束准则等，还有有关各活动 的信息，如活动的参加者、相关信息技术 的应用和数据等。 过程定义可引用另外定义的子过程，它将 作为整个过程的一部分。

6. Workflow Technologies6 一、工作流基本术语 3 ．活动 完成过程内一个逻辑步骤的一件工作，活 动需要人力和 / 或机器以支持过程的执行。 活动需要的人员即为活动的参加者。 过程定义一般包含许多过程活动，他们在 逻辑上对总的经营过程的实现做出贡献。 活动在过程实现中是由工作流机安排的最 小工作单元。 活动可分为自动活动和手动活动。

7. Workflow Technologies7 一、工作流基本术语 Automated Activity  An activity which is capable of computer automation using a workflow management system to manage the activity during execution of the business process of which it forms a part.

8. Workflow Technologies8 一、工作流基本术语 Manual Activity  An activity within a business process which is not capable of automation and hence lies outside the scope of a workflow management system. Such activities may be included within a process definition, for example to support modelling of the process, but do not form part of a resulting workflow.

9. Workflow Technologies9 一、工作流基本术语 6 ．实例（ Instance ） 过程的一次实现，或过程内的活动（连同其相 关数据）的一次实现。 每个实例代表了过程或活动的执行的分离线 （ separate thread ，区别不同的过程或活动）。 它们可以是被独立控制的，并具有它自己的内 部状态和外部可见的标识。如果把过程或活动 都看作实体，则过程实例是过程实体集合中的 一个元素，活动实例是活动实体集合中的一个 元素。 实例分过程实例和活动实例。

10. Workflow Technologies10 一、工作流基本术语 Process Instance  The representation of a single enactment of a process. (See also general entry on Instance).

11. Workflow Technologies11 一、工作流基本术语 Activity Instance  The representation of an activity within a (single) enactment of a process, i.e. within a process instance. (See also general entry on Instance)

12. Workflow Technologies12 一、工作流基本术语 Workflow Participant  A resource which performs the work represented by a workflow activity instance. This work is normally manifested as one or more work items assigned to the workflow participant via the worklist.

13. Workflow Technologies13 一、工作流基本术语 Work Item  The representation of the work to be processed (by a workflow participant) in the context of an activity within a process instance.

14. Workflow Technologies14 一、工作流基本术语 Worklist  A list of work items associated with a given workflow participant (or in some cases with a group of workflow participants who may share a common worklist). The worklist forms part of the interface between a workflow engine and the worklist handler

15. Workflow Technologies15

16. Workflow Technologies16 一、工作流基本术语 Worklist Handler  A software component that manages the interaction between the user (or group of users) and the worklist maintained by a workflow engine. It enables work items to be passed from the workflow management system to users and notifications of completion or other work status conditions to be passed between the user and the workflow management system.

17. Workflow Technologies17 一、工作流基本术语 基本概念之间的关系

18. Workflow Technologies18 一、工作流基本术语 基本概念之间的关系

19. Workflow Technologies19 二、过程概念和结构 Process  A formalised view of a business process, represented as a co-ordinated (parallel and/orserial) set of process activities that are connected in order to achieve a common goal.

20. Workflow Technologies20 二、过程概念和结构 Sub Process  A process that is enacted or called from another (initiating) process (or sub process), and which forms part of the overall (initiating) process. Multiple levels of sub process may be supported.

21. Workflow Technologies21 二、过程概念和结构 Deadline  A time based scheduling constraint which requires that a certain activity (or work item) be completed by a certain time (the “deadline”).

22. Workflow Technologies22 二、过程概念和结构 Parallel Routing  A segment of a process instance under enactment by a workflow management system, where two or more activity instances are executing in parallel within the workflow, giving rise to multiple threads of control.

23. Workflow Technologies23 二、过程概念和结构 AND-Split  A point within the workflow where a single thread of control splits into two or more threads which are executed in parallel within the workflow, allowing multiple activities to be executed simultaneously (see Parallel Routing).

24. Workflow Technologies24 二、过程概念和结构 AND-Join  A point in the workflow where two or more parallel executing activities converge into a single common thread of control (see Parallel Routing).

25. Workflow Technologies25 二、过程概念和结构 OR-Split  A point within the workflow where a single thread of control makes a decision upon which branch to take when encountered with multiple alternative workflow branches

26. Workflow Technologies26 二、过程概念和结构 OR-Join  A point within the workflow where two or more alternative activity(s) workflow branches re-converge to a single common activity as the next step within the workflow. (As no parallel activity execution has occurred at the join point, no synchronisation is required.)

27. Workflow Technologies27 二、过程概念和结构 Iteration  A workflow activity cycle involving the repetitive execution of one (or more) workflow activity(s) until a condition is met.

28. Workflow Technologies28 二、过程概念和结构 Pre-Condition  A logical expression which may be evaluated by a workflow engine to decide whether a process instance or activity within a process instance may be started. Ex:  An AND-Join may be specified in the form of a pre- condition, where the condition requires that each of the independent converging threads has achieved a specific status

29. Workflow Technologies29 二、过程概念和结构 Post-Condition  A logical expression which may be evaluated by a workflow engine to decide whether a process instance or activity within a process instance is completed..  One or more post-conditions may be defined as completion criteria for a particular activity or process instance. Such conditions may form part of an iteration, in which one or more activities are repetitively executed until the defined post- condition(s) is/are met.  The post-condition may refer to workflow relevant data within the expression and may also test system variables such as date or time. It may also refer to an external event of some kind.

30. Workflow Technologies30 二、过程概念和结构 Transition  A point during the execution of a process instance where one activity completes and the thread of control passes to another, which starts.  See also State Transition and Transition Condition

31. Workflow Technologies31 二、过程概念和结构 Transition Condition  A logical expression which may be evaluated by a workflow engine to decide the sequence of activity execution within a process.

32. Workflow Technologies32 二、过程概念和结构 活动的关系类型： 串联关系 并联关系 与分叉关系 与合并关系 或分叉关系 或合并关系 迭代关系

33. Workflow Technologies33 三、工作流扩展术语 Workflow Application  A general term for a software program that interacts with a workflow enactment service, handling part of the processing required to support a particular activity (or activities).

34. Workflow Technologies34 三、工作流扩展术语 The Workflow Reference Model recognises two broad types of workflow application:   Client Applications, which request facilities and services from a workflow engine   Invoked Applications, which support the processing of particular activities, or work items, and are initiated by the workflow management system

35. Workflow Technologies35 三、工作流扩展术语 Client Application  A client application is an application which interacts with a workflow engine, requesting facilities and services from the engine.

36. Workflow Technologies36 三、工作流扩展术语 Client applications may interact with a workflow engine for a variety of reasons. Common functions which client application may perform are:   worklist handling  process instance initiation and other control functions (e.g. suspend/resume)   retrieval and manipulation of process definition data   various system administration functions (for example suspending the use of certain process definitions) The Workflow Reference Model includes an interface for client application interaction which supports APIs for a variety of the above functions.

37. Workflow Technologies37 三、工作流扩展术语 Invoked Application  An invoked application is a workflow application that is invoked by the workflow management system to automate an activity, fully or in part, or to support a workflow participant in processing a work item.

38. Workflow Technologies38 三、工作流扩展术语 Workflow Data Structures - Overview

39. Workflow Technologies39 三、工作流扩展术语 Workflow Relevant Data  Data that is used by a Workflow Management System to determine the state transitions of a workflow instance, for example within pre- and post-conditions, transition conditions or workflow participant assignment.

40. Workflow Technologies40 三、工作流扩展术语 Workflow Control Data  Data that is managed by the Workflow Management System and/or a Workflow Engine. Such data is internal to the workflow management system and is not normally accessible to applications

41. Workflow Technologies41 三、工作流扩展术语 Workflow control data represents the dynamic state of the workflow system and its process instances. Workflow control data examples include:  state information about each workflow instance   state information about each activity instance (active or inactive)   information on recovery and restart points within each process  etc.. The workflow control data may be written to persistent storage periodically to facilitate restart and recovery of the system after failure. It may also be used to derive audit data.

42. Workflow Technologies42 三、工作流扩展术语 Process State  A representation of the internal conditions defining the status of a process instance at a particular point in time. Most workflow management systems maintain such status information as part of their workflow control data.

43. Workflow Technologies43 三、工作流扩展术语 The WfMC Reference Model identifies a number of common states which a process instance may take:  Initiated - the process instance has been created, but may not yet be running  Running - the process instance has started execution and one or more of its activities may be started  Active - one or more activities are started and activity instances exist (Further sub-states may be supported by particular implementations to record more detailed information about active activities.)  Suspended - the process instance is quiescent( 静止的 ); no further activities are started until it is resumed

44. Workflow Technologies44 三、工作流扩展术语  Complete - the process instance has achieved its completion conditions and any post-completion system activities such as audit logging are in progress.  Terminated - the execution of the process has been stopped (abnormally) due to error or user request.  Archived - the process instance has been placed in an indefinite archive state (but may be retrieved for process resumption - typically supported only for long-lived processes).

45. Workflow Technologies45 三、工作流扩展术语 Activity State  A representation of the internal conditions defining the status of an activity instance at a particular point in time. Most workflow management systems maintain such status information as part of their workflow control data.

46. Workflow Technologies46 三、工作流扩展术语 The WfMC Reference Model identifies a number of common states which an activity instance may take:  Inactive - the activity instance has been created, but may not yet been activated; no work item exists for that activity  Active - one or more work items have been created and assigned for processing

47. Workflow Technologies47 三、工作流扩展术语  Suspended - the activity instance is quiescent; no further work items are started until it is resumed. (Note that some activities may not be suspendable.)  Completed - the process instance has achieved its completion conditions and any post- completion system activities such as audit logging are in progress.

48. Workflow Technologies48 三、工作流扩展术语 Dummy Activity  An Activity which has no inherent processing related to the business process, but which is used to represent and evaluate complex routing or process control conditions which may be too complicated to define efficiently using conventional process definition notation.

49. Workflow Technologies49 三、工作流扩展术语 Workflow Engine  A software service or "engine" that provides the run time execution environment for a process instance.

50. Workflow Technologies50 三、工作流扩展术语 The workflow engine provides operational functions to support the execution of (instances of) business processes, based on the process definitions.. These functions include:  Interpretation of the process definition.  Creation of process instances and management of their execution, including start / stop / suspend /resume, etc.  Navigation between activities and the creation of appropriate work items for their processing  Supervisory and management functions  etc.

51. Workflow Technologies51 四、工作流建模 几个问题：  过程中有哪些活动？  过程的结构？  过程都有谁参加？  调用哪些软件？  需要哪些输入输出信息？  使用哪些资源？

52. Workflow Technologies52 四、工作流建模－模型的视图 涉及到过程视图、功能视图、信息视图、 组织视图、资源视图  过程视图是工作流基本视图  组织视图和资源视图作为工作流的必要属性， 用来描述活动的执行者和所需要的设备等资 源  信息视图是活动的相关数据、控制数据和应 用数据  功能视图描述活动的具体功能

53. Workflow Technologies53 四、工作流建模－模型的视图

54. Workflow Technologies54 四、工作流建模－模型的视图 过程视图用来定义实现某种经营目的或经 营目标需要哪些活动，及它们执行的顺序 或相互约束关系

55. Workflow Technologies55 四、工作流建模－模型的视图 功能视图则从功能的角度对组成业务过程 的子过程及活动进行描述，包括活动（或 子过程）的输入、输出、约束、资源（人 或物）操作等；

56. Workflow Technologies56 四、工作流建模－模型的视图 资源视图和组织视图则是从资源配置或分 配的角度对业务过程进行描述，它包括组 织的划分、资源类型的定义及基于活动的 资源分配（以此来完成与过程模型的关联）

57. Workflow Technologies57 四、工作流建模－模型的视图 信息视图则主要由工作流控制数据、工作流相 关数据及工作流应用数据三个部分组成 工作流应用数据是指工作流管理系统直接或间 接调用的外部业务数据，它是用来确定业务实 例状态的工作流相关数据的来源 工作流控制数据通过辨别业务实例状态来确定 过程实例状态转换的条件，并选择下一个将执 行的活动（即通过工作流控制数据与工作流相 关数据的协同来完成业务实例在业务过程中的 路由）

58. Workflow Technologies58 四、工作流建模－工作流元模型

59. Workflow Technologies59 四、工作流建模－工作流元模型 工作流的有向图描述  活动  有向边

60. Workflow Technologies60 四、工作流建模－工作流元模型 活动  几何信息（位置、形状等）  实体信息：名字、说明  类别：自动活动、人工活动  特殊标记：子过程、开始、结束标记  组织（组织单元、工作组或个人）  资源：  行为：相关数据、控制数据（输入 / 输 出）、应用程序

61. Workflow Technologies61 四、工作流建模－工作流元模型 有向边  控制条件  与  或  循环

62. Workflow Technologies62 四、工作流建模－工作流模型举例 外购件子流程

63. Workflow Technologies63 五、工作流的执行过程和状态转换 在工作流管理系统中，工作流引擎通过对 过程实例和活动实例状态的控制，来导航 工作流并完成工作流的执行。

64. Workflow Technologies64 五、工作流的执行过程和状态转换 Process and Activity State Transitions The workflow enactment service may be considered as a state transition machine, where individual process or activity instances change states in response to external events (eg completion of an activity) or to specific control decisions taken by a workflow engine (eg navigation to the next activity step within a process).

65. Workflow Technologies65 五、工作流的执行过程和状态转换 The basic states are: initiated - a process instance has been created, including any associated process state date and workflow relevant data, but the process has not (yet) fulfilled the conditions to cause it to start execution running - the process instance has started execution and any of its activities may be started (once any appropriate activity start conditions have been met) active - one or more of its activities has been started (ie a work item has been created and assigned to an appropriate activity instance)

66. Workflow Technologies66 五、工作流的执行过程和状态转换 suspended - the process instance is quiescent and no activities are started until the process has returned to the running state (via a resume command) completed - the process instance has fulfilled the conditions for completion; any internal post-completion operations such as logging audit data or statistics will be performed and the process instance destroyed terminated - execution of the process instance has been stopped before its normal completion; any internal operations such as error logging or logging recovery data may be performed and the process instance destroyed

67. Workflow Technologies67 五、工作流的执行过程和状态转换 P23, WfMC, TC00-1003

68. Workflow Technologies68 五、工作流的执行过程和状态转换 The basic states of an activity instance are: inactive - the activity within the process instance has been created but has not yet been activated (eg becauseactivity entry conditions have not been met) and has no workitem for processing active - a work item has been created and assigned to the activity instance for processing suspended - the activity instance is quiescent (eg as a result of a change_state_of_activity_instance command) and will not be allocated a workitem until returned to the running (inactive) state completed - execution of the activity instance has completed (and any post-activity transition conditions will be evaluated)

69. Workflow Technologies69 五、工作流的执行过程和状态转换 Activities may be non-interruptable; ie once a workflow service has started a particular activity within a process instance, it may not be possible to suspend or terminate that activity. This means that suspension / restart / terminate functions cannot be completed until all active activities have completed and the process instance returned to a running state. In addition, it may be required to mark a set of activities as an atomic unit, which are either executed in entirety or the process instance "rolled-back" to a restart point. The potential treatment of interruptable activities and atomic activity units with restart capability will require further consideration and is beyond the initial work of the Coalition.

70. Workflow Technologies70 五、工作流的执行过程和状态转换 P24, WfMC, TC00-1003

71. Workflow Technologies71 Reference Workflow Management Coalition ， The Workflow Reference Model ， Document Number TC00-1003 Workflow Management Coalition ， Terminology & Glossary ， Document Number WFMC-TC-1011