1. External Anatomy

2. External Anatomy

4. Internal Anatomy

5. Internal Anatomy

6. Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fishes
Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fishes. This includes skeletal fish (Osteichthyes), cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), and jawless fish (Agnatha).
There are more fish species than the combined total of all other vertebrates: mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds.

7. Modern ichthyology began in the 18th century, with the work of Peter Andreti and Carl Linnaeus
Aristotle classified several hundred species of fishes. Less formal ichthyology was practiced by early hunter-gatherer societies.

9. Scales- Most fish have scales.
In sharks the scales are called dermal denticles. They are tiny tooth-like structures in the skin. They give the shark's skin a smooth appearance that feels like sandpaper.
Bony fish scales are made of bone and look like the shingles on a roof.

11. Placoid Scales Found in cartilaginous like: sharks and rays,
Also called dermal denticles
Placoid scales are structurally homologous with vertebrate teeth having a central pulp cavity supplied with blood
Placoid scales cannot grow in size, more scales are added as the fish grows larger

12. Ctenoid Scales Name refers to comb-like ctenii,
Found in the majority of bony fishes
Scales grow with fish, results ring pattern, like tree rings, in some cases used to determine the age of a fish

13. Ganoid Scales
Scales that are a non-overlapping or partially-overlapping scale, often rhomboidal in shape, with thick outer ganoine layer (enamel-like substance)
Gars have these scales

14. Cycloid Scales
Have a smooth texture, uniform with a smooth outer edge or margin
Have numerous small comb likes spines
Most common on fish with soft fin rays,
Ex. salmon and carp

15. Fins Fins move, stabilize and protect a fish
Fish may have paired fins (pectoral and pelvic fins), and unpaired fins (anal, caudal, and dorsal fins)
Some fish do not have all of these fins, and their placement shows great variability
The flexible fins of most bony fish have visible supporting rays and spines,
Skeletal supports of cartilaginous fish fins are not visible, and fins are fairly stiff

16. Fins Cont.
Give fish control over its movements by directing thrust, supplying lift and acting as brakes.
A fish must control its pitch, yaw, and roll.

17. Caudal fin- provides thrust, and control the fishes direction
Pectorals- act mostly as rudders and hydroplanes to control yaw and pitch, act as very important brakes by causing drag.
Pelvic fins- mostly controls pitch
Dorsal/anal- control roll

19. Breathing Oxygen enters the bloodstream at the gills
Feathery structures found along the sides of the head
Healthy fish gills are bright red due to the large amount of blood present.
Gills of bony fish are usually covered by a bony plate called an operculum
In sharks there are five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head

21. Gills

22. The eyes of most fish are well developed
Most sharks have pupils that dilate and constrict and they have an eyelid that closes from the bottom upward
Bony fish eyes lack pupils and eyelids

23. Shark eye

26. Boil and season to taste

27. Fish Mouths Sharks' mouths are located on the underside of the head.
Bony fish mouth location varies
Location and size of the mouth a good indicator of food the fish eats and where it lives.
Fish with large mouths generally eat large food items (like another fish)
whale shark eat very small organisms, strained from the water

28. Fish mouths continued
Fish with small mouths eat small food items: small crustaceans or mollusks
Fish with tiny mouths eat tiny things like zooplankton

29. Sacramento Blackfish

30. Native to the Sacramento and San Joaquin drainages as well as Clear Lake
Ability to adapt to extreme environments including high water temperatures and salinities.
Eats planktonic algae and zooplankton, including copepods, insect larvae, rotifers, and detritus

31. Copepods
Rotifers

32. Mouth types A terminal mouth is located on the end of the head
Fish with terminal mouths may chase and capture things, like the tuna, or pick at things, like the butterflyfish

33. Fish with up-pointing mouths have long lower jaws
The mouth opening is toward the top of the head, Ex. tarpon, feeds near the surface

34. Fish with a sub-terminal mouth is on the underside of the head.
Fish with this type of mouth usually feed on the bottom
The bonefish has a sub-terminal mouth

35. Fish Body Shapes
Fusiform, or streamlined, Ex. barracuda or jack are capable of swimming very fast, live in open water

36. Fish that are laterally compressed (flattened from side to side) usually do not swim rapidly, very maneuverable
A flounder is a laterally compressed fish, lies on its side on the bottom

37. Depressed fish (flattened from top to bottom), like stingrays, live on the bottom

38. Eel-like fish have a snake-like body shape
Ex. electric eel and moral eels,
Capable of generating a 500volt electric shock through 28ft of still water

39. How do fish Swim?
Most fish swim by pushing their bodies against the water sideways--first to one side, and then to the other, due to the way their bodies' muscles are built, limited to lateral movements

40. Anguilliform(ang-WIL-i-form)
The way most eels, oarfish, and nurse sharks move
The fish moves the entire body against the water in a snake-like fashion, this method is efficient
Electric eels do not swim this way, but instead undulate only their fins to swim

42. Subcarangiform (SUB-ca-RANJ-i-form)
This movement category includes salmon, trout, catfish, minnows, and cod
Fish undulate most of their bodies, but leave their heads fairly still and concentrate most of the movement in the last two-thirds of their bodies

43. Carangiform (ca-RANJ-i-form)
Drums, jacks, and mackerel, are very fast swimmers
In streams, bass, crappie and sunfish use carangiform movement, throw their bodies into a shallow wave that increases in amplitude as it moves backward toward the tail, which snaps like a whip, leaves the head almost still
The caudal peduncles (the part of the tail just before the caudal fin) are narrow and the tails are often forked, leading to more efficient movement

45. Thunniform (TOO-ni-form)
This term used to describe the extremely fast and efficient movements of fishes like tuna, billfish, and lamnid sharks
These fishes have very narrow caudal peduncles and large caudal fins that are lunate (look like the sliver of a waxing moon)
Their tails are reinforced by keels, for strength and stability

47. Ostraciiform (oh-STRAY-kee-i-form)
Many fishes are hampered by a boxy or globular shape
Trunkfishes, cowfishes, and boxfishes have too much armoring to be able to flex their bodies
These fishes scull their tails like oars

48. Boxfish
Cowfish
Trunkfish