1. Capital Structure.

2. Capital Structure Defined The term capital structure is used to represent the proportionate relationship between debt and equity.

3. Meaning of Financial Leverage The use of the fixed-charges sources of funds, such as debt and preference capital along with the owners’ equity in the capital structure, is described as financial leverage or gearing or trading on equity.

4. Meaning of Financial Leverage The financial leverage employed by a company is intended to earn more return on the fixed-charge funds than their costs.

5. Operating Leverage Operating leverage affects a firm’s operating profit (EBIT). The degree of operating leverage (DOL) is defined as the percentage change in the earnings before interest and taxes relative to a given percentage change in sales.

6. Combining Financial and Operating Leverages Operating leverage affects a firm’s operating profit (EBIT), while financial leverage affects profit after tax or the earnings per share. The degrees of operating and financial leverages is combined to see the effect of total leverage on EPS associated with a given change in sales.

7. Combining Financial and Operating Leverages The degree of combined leverage (DCL) is given by the following equation:

8. Total Required Capital From Shares –Equity Share capital –Preference Share Capital From Debentures

9. Factors Influencing Capital Structure Internal Factors External Factors

10. Internal Factors Size of Business Regularity and Certainty of Income Age of the Firm Desire to Retain Control Future Plans Operating Ratio Trading on Equity Period of Financing

11. External Factors Capital Market Conditions Nature of Investors Statutory Requirements Taxation Policy Policies of Financial Institutions Cost of Financing

12. Optimal Capital Structure The optimal or the best capital structure implies the most economical and safe ratio between various types of securities. It is that mix of debt and equity which maximizes the value of the company and minimizes the cost of capital.

13. Essentials of a Sound or Optimal Capital Structure Minimum Cost of Capital Minimum Risk Maximum Return Maximum Control Flexibility Commensurate to Legal Requirements

14. Theories of Capital Structure Net Income (NI) Theory Net Operating Income (NOI) Theory Traditional Theory Modigliani-Miller (M-M) Theory

15. Net Income (NI) Theory According to this theory a firm can increase the value of the firm and reduce the overall cost of capital by increasing the proportion of debt in its capital structure to the maximum possible extent.

16. Assumptions of NI Theory The ‘Kd’ is cheaper than the ‘Ke’. Income tax has been ignored. The ‘Kd’ and ‘Ke’ remain constant.

17. Net Income (NI) Theory debt is, generally a cheaper source of funds because: –Interest rates are lower than dividend rates due to element of risk –The benefit of tax as the interest is deductible expense for income tax purpose.

18. Computation of the Total Value of the Firm Total Value of the Firm (V) = S + D Where, S = Market value of Shares = EBIT-Int = E Ke Ke D = Market value of Debt = Face Value E = Earnings available for equity shareholders Ke = Cost of Equity capital or Equity capitalization rate.

19. Computation of the Overall Cost of Capital or Capitalization Rate Ko = EBIT V Where, Ko = Overall Cost of Capital or Capitalization Rate V = Value of the firm

20. Net Operating Income Theory According to this theory, the total market value of the firm (V) is not affected by the change in the capital structure and the overall cost of capital (Ko) remains fixed irrespective of the debt-equity mix.

21. Assumptions of NOI Theory The split of total capitalization between debt and equity is not essential or relevant. The equity shareholders and other investors i.e. the market capitalizes the value of the firm as a whole. The business risk at each level of debt-equity mix remains constant. Therefore, overall cost of capital also remains constant. The corporate income tax does not exist.

22. Computation of the Total Value of the Firm V = EBIT Ko Where, Ko = Overall cost of capital

23. Market Value of Equity Capital S = V – D Where, S = Market Value of Equity Capital V = Value of the Firm D = Market value of the Debt

24. Cost of Equity Capital Ke = EBIT – Int X 100 S Where, Ke = Equity capitalization Rate or Cost of Equity Int = Interest on Debt S = Market Value of Equity Capital

25. Traditional Theory According to this theory, a firm can reduce the overall cost of capital or increase the total value of the firm by increasing the debt proportion in its capital structure to a certain limit.

26. Effects of Changes in Capital Structure on ‘Ko’ and ‘V’ First Stage: The use of debt in capital structure increases the ‘V’ and decreases the ‘Ko’. Because ‘Ke’ remains constant or rises slightly with debt, but it does not rise fast enough to offset the advantages of low cost debt. ‘Kd’ remains constant or rises very negligibly.

27. Effects of Changes in Capital Structure on ‘Ko’ and ‘V’ Second Stage: During this Stage, there is a range in which the ‘V’ will be maximum and the ‘Ko’ will be minimum. –Because the increase in the ‘Ke’, due to increase in financial risk, offset the advantage of using low cost of debt.

28. Effects of Changes in Capital Structure on ‘Ko’ and ‘V’ Third Stage: The ‘V’ will decrease and the ‘Ko’ will increase. –Because further increase of debt in the capital structure, beyond the acceptable limit increases the financial risk.

29. Computation of Market Value of Shares & Value of the Firm S = EBIT – Int Ke V = S + D Ko = EBIT V

30. A Basic Capital Structure Theory There is a trade-off between the benefits of using debt and the costs of using debt. –The use of debt creates a tax shield benefit from the interest on debt. –The costs of using debt, besides the obvious interest cost, are the additional financial distress.