1. S TUTTERING Cathy Fote

2. P REVALENCE The prevalence of stuttering varies greatly with age. According to a study by Beitchman et al in 1986 found that 2.4% of kindergarten children who were tested stuttered In 1995 Bloodstein reviewed and summarized 37 studies of school aged children in the U.S., Europe, Africa, Australia, and the West Indies and found that stuttering through out the school years is about 1%

3. D EFINITION FROM IDEA Speech or language impairment A communication disorder, such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment, or a voice impairment, that adversely affects a child's educational performance.

4. C AUSES Normal Speech Development Young children may stutter when their speech and language is no yet developed enough to keep up with what they want to say. A high percentage of children naturally recover from the disorder before the age of 6. Inherited Brain Abnormities Stuttering tends to run in families. Fifty percent of people who stutter report having a relative who also stuttered at some point in time, fifteen percent of first-degree relatives of people who stutter are current or recovered stutters.

5. C AUSES CONT. Stroke or Brain Injury Stuttering can sometimes be a result of a stroke or other trauma to the brain. Mental Heath Problems In isolated cases, emotional trauma or problems with thoughts or reasoning lead to stuttering according to the Mayo Clinic. At one point in time this was believed to be the main cause of stuttering, it is now known to be uncommon. Researchers are still studying underlying causes of stuttering because it is unclear why when people who stutter don’t stutter when they do things such as talk to themselves, sing, or speak in unison with another person.

6. C OMMON C HARACTERISTICS Core Behaviors Repetitions-this behavior is the most frequently observed behavior among children who are just beginning to stutter. The speaker is apparently “stuck” on a sound and continues to repeat it until the following sound can be produced. Example: c-c-c-c-c-at Prolongations-this behavior also appears when children first begin to stutter. It usually will appear after repetitions. Prolongations are when the sound or air flow continues but the movement of the articulators is stopped. They can be as short as a half a second and as long as several minutes. Example: ssssssssssssssssevn Blocks-typically are the last core behavior to appear, they occur when a person inappropriately stops the flow of air or voice and often the movement of the articulators as well. Example can………………….I go to the movie?

7. C OMMON C HARACTERISTICS C ONT. Secondary Behaviors Escape Behaviors-occur when the speaker is stuttering and attempts to terminate the stutter and fish the word. Common Examples-eye blinks, head nods, and interjections of extra sounds (“uh”) Avoidance behaviors-are learned when a speaker anticipates stuttering and recalls the negative experiences they have had when doing so, to avoid the stutter they will often resort to behaviors used previously to escape or try something different such as changing the word they were planning on saying.

8. E DUCATIONAL I MPLICATIONS OF THE DISABILITY Students who stutter… Avoid answering questions Avoid reading aloud Will try and get out of classroom activities Will sit toward the back of the room when given the choice so that they can hide.

9. A SSISTIVE T ECHNOLOGY

10. S PEECH E ASY o This is a device that looks similar to a hearing aid. The difference is that rather than amplifying sound, SpeechEasy alters sounds that go through the devices so that you hear your voice at a slight time delay and at a different pitch. It causes the “choral effect.”

11. W ATCH HOW THE SPEECHEASY WORKS SPEECHEASY at Work

12. W HAT THE SPEECHEASY LOOKS LIKE … There are 4 different models of the SpeechEasy. BTE-V (Behind the ear) ITC-V (In the Canal) CIC-V (Completely In Canal) CF-V (Comfort Fit) SpeechEasy ranges in price from $2500 to $4500 depending on the model.

13. S PEECHEASY MODELS CONT.… BTE-V (Behind the Ear)ITC-V (In the Canal) Features of the BTE-V Very durable Great for those with dexterity issues Features of ITC-V Excellent price to size value. Volume control easily accessible.

14. S PEECHEASY MODELS CONT.… CIC-V (Completely in Canal) CF-V (Comfort Fit) Features of CIC-V Smallest fluency device available Very discreet. Features of CF-V Natural sound passage Reduced background noise

15. DAF A SSISTANT FOR I P HONE & I P OD T OUCH “DAF Assistant implements Delayed Auditory Feedback and Frequency-shifting Auditory Feedback techniques on Apple iPhone and iPod Touch. The software can be used by people with stuttering to control speech fluency, slow down speech rate, increase confidence level and develop good speaking habits.”

16. F EATURES OF DAF A SSISTANT Delayed auditory feedback (DAF) delays your voice to your ears a fraction of a second. The application provides delay range from 20 to 320 milliseconds. The delay increment step is 10 milliseconds, even a short delay of 50-120 milliseconds almost instantly reduces stuttering without changing the speech speaking rate. A longer delay of 120-320 milliseconds makes the speaker stretch out his vowels and talk slower. Frequency Altered Feedback (FAF) shifts the pitch of the speakers voice. The application provides pitch shift in the range from one-half octave down to one-half octave up.

17. F EATURES C ONT. The effectiveness of the app. is increased when the FAF and DAF are used simultaneously. The DAF Assistant saves configured settings when it is closed and restore them when it is restarted. The application supports Bluetooth headsets on the iPhone (however apple does recommend the use of Apple headphones with Remote and Mic.) The app. is easy to install and use.

18. DAF A SSISTANT C ONT. Requirements: The software application requires Apple iPhone or iPod Touch (2 nd generation). Application requires external headset with headphones and microphone or Bluetooth headset (iPhone only). Price: DAF Assistant for iPhone and iPod Touch Costs $12.99

19. W ATCH A PERSON USE THE APP. Trying out 'DAF Assistant' Fluency App

20. R ELATED S ERVICES Students who stutter will most likely be receiving: Speech Language Therapy Counseling (if bullying or self-esteem problems arise students may receive this service)

21. A DDITIONAL R ESOURCES

22. Guitar, B., & Peters, T. J. (2006). Stuttering: an integrated approach to its nature and treatment (3 rd ed.). Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins. “This new Third Edition provides a comprehensive overview of the etiology and development of stuttering and details appropriate approaches to accurate assessment and treatment. A new chapter on related fluency disorders discusses evaluation and treatment of stuttering associated with neurological disease or trauma, psychological disturbance, or mental retardation, and explains how developmental stuttering can be differentiated from these conditions. This edition alsofeatures a new chapter on preliminaries to assessment as well as new information on differential diagnosis of stuttering versus other fluency disorders. Appendices include forms for diagnosis and evaluation.”.

23. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/stuttering.htm has a lot of information in both English and Spanish about stuttering, from what stuttering is to what SLPs do when working with individuals who stutter www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/stuttering.htm The Stuttering Foundation The Stuttering Foundations website www.stutteringhelp.org has resources for parents of preschoolers, parents of school-aged children, a just for kids section, teens, adults, teachers, SLPs, Physicians, Resources and a store. www.stutteringhelp.org There are prochures such as 18 Famous People Who Stutter and 8 Tips for Teachers.18 Famous People Who Stutter8 Tips for Teachers

24. The National Stuttering Association NSA website www.westutter.org offers resources and support for people who stutter and their families. They have games and activities for children to do such as NSA Stuttering Crossword Puzzle, MAD LIBS: A New School, and NSA Stuttering Website Scavenger Hunt.www.westutter.orgNSA Stuttering Crossword PuzzleMAD LIBS: A New SchoolNSA Stuttering Website Scavenger Hunt

25. Ramig, P. R., & Dodge, D. (2005). The child and adolescent stuttering treatment and activity resource guide. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning. “THE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT STUTTERING TREATMENT AND ACTIVITY RESOURCE GUIDE, 2ND EDITION is the only product of its kind. This book offers specific, hands-on activities that can be used in the evaluation and treatment of fluency disorders (stuttering and cluttering) as well as specific decision-making information that will help clinicians identify goals, and then develop effective and practical strategies to meet these goals. An applied book about therapy, THE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT STUTTERING TREATMENT AND ACTIVITY RESOURCE GUIDE is full of easily-applied therapeutic ideas that are substantiated by solid research findings and thorough explanations.”

26. R EFERENCES

27. Guitar, B., & Peters, T. J. (2006). Stuttering: an integrated approach to its nature and treatment (3 rd ed.). Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins. Owens, R. E., & Metz, D. E. (2011). Introduction to communication disorders: a lifespan evidence-based perspective (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education. IDEA - Building The Legacy of IDEA 2004. (n.d.). IDEA - Building The Legacy of IDEA 2004. Retrieved June 1, 2014, from http://idea.ed.gov/explore/view/p/,root,regs,300,A,300 %252E8,c http://idea.ed.gov/explore/view/p/,root,regs,300,A,300 %252E8,c Stuttering. (n.d.). Causes. Retrieved June 1, 2014, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases- conditions/stuttering/basics/causes/con-20032854http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases- conditions/stuttering/basics/causes/con-20032854

28. http://www.speecheasy.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuO3DbnQjx E http://artefactsoft.com/iphonedaf.htm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UC1K5dM77s k www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/stuttering. htm www.stutteringhelp.org www.westutter.org

29. http://www.amazon.com/Adolescent-Stuttering- Treatment-Activity- Resource/dp/1435481178/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qi d=1401587268&sr=8- 1&keywords=The+Child+and+Adolescent+Stutte ring+Treatment+%26+Activity+Resource+Guide http://www.textbooks.com/BooksDescription.php? BKN=675868&SBC=PAM&kpid=9780781739207 U&kenshu=376d0fe5-99b1-3968-daf1- 00000808b8e2&mcid=XKS-7558-4-537- GoogleShopping-PRIDREPLACE- 291&gclid=CjgKEAjw-6WcBRCsgNjFy- 2OuGYSJADf4R2shO4ya