1. If we calculated the age of the Earth based on the information in the bible, it would be around 6,000 years old. Science says the earth is 4.5 billion years old. Who do we believe?

2. The bible mentions nothing about evolution. Scientists have increasing proof that evolution took place. Who do we believe?

3. How was the universe formed? How were the different species on earth formed? How were humans formed? Do we believe science or do we believe God?

4. The heavens are telling of the glory of God; And their expanse is declaring the work of His hands. Psalm 19: 1 Hubble Space Telescope

6. Three Opinions: Instantaneous creation: a given thing did not develop, but was instantaneously created by God Theistic evolution: a given thing did develop from a previous state or form, but that this process was under God’s guidance. Atheistic evolution: a thing developed due to random forces alone

7. Catholic Position on the Creation of the Universe: The Church has infallibly defined that the universe was specially created out of nothing. – This does not go against the Big Bang Theory

8. Catholic Position on the Creation of the Universe: The Church has infallibly defined that the universe was specially created out of nothing. – This does not go against the Big Bang Theory The Church maintains that, if the stars and planets did develop over time, this still ultimately must be attributed to God and his plan – for Scripture records: "By the word of the Lord the heavens were made, and all their host [stars, nebulae, planets] by the breath of his mouth" (Ps. 33:6).

10. Catholic Position on Evolution

11. The Church does not have an official position on whether various life forms developed over the course of time However, it says that, if they did develop, then they did so under the guidance of God, and their ultimate creation must be attributed to him.

13. Catholic Position on Human Evolution

14. The Church’s teaching allows for the possibility that man’s body developed from previous biological forms, under God’s guidance, but it insists on the special creation of his soul. So whether the human body was specially created or developed, we are required to hold as a matter of Catholic faith that the human soul is specially created; – The soul did not evolve, and it is not inherited from our parents, as our bodies are.

15. The History of the Earth

16. What was early Earth like? Hot on the surface because of colliding meteorites Hot on the inside because of radioactive materials decaying Many volcanoes spewing lava No oxygen Atmosphere made of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen

18. What was early Earth like? Earth cooled about 4.4 billion years ago, water in the atmosphere condensed This led to constant rainstorms which filled the oceans

19. How do we know this? We have no way of knowing for sure However, we have many techniques that tell us important information about Earth’s history

20. People that Unlock the Past Paleontologists: scientists that study ancient life Paleontologists study fossils to learn about ancient species – Fossil: physical evidence of an organism that lived long ago

21. People that Unlock the Past Paleontologists: scientists that study ancient life Paleontologists study fossils to learn about ancient species – Fossil: physical evidence of an organism that lived long ago – Fossils form when organisms are buried in mud, sand, or clay soon after they die

22. People that Unlock the Past Paleontologists: scientists that study ancient life Paleontologists study fossils to learn about ancient species – Fossil: physical evidence of an organism that lived long ago – Fossils form when organisms are buried in mud, sand, or clay soon after they die – The particles are then compressed over time and harden into rock

23. How Do Scientists Determine the Age of Fossils? Two techniques: relative dating and radiometric dating Relative dating: determines the relative order of past events without necessarily determining their absolute age Radiometric dating: a technique used to date materials based on the observed abundance of decay products of radioactive isotopes

27. Geometric Time Earth is 4.6 billion years old Geometric time is divided into four large sections depending on the type of organisms that lived during that time interval: – Precambrian Era – Paleozoic Era – Mesozoic Era – Cenozoic Era

28. Precambrian Era

29. Formation of the Earth Earth's atmosphere made of carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen First life forms appear (photosynthetic cyanobacteria) 87% of Earth’s history is included in the Precambrian Era Eukaryotic organisms appear by the end of the Precambrian Era

30. Paleozoic Era

31. Increase in the number and types of plants and animals Vertebrates appear, followed by amphibians and then reptiles Marked at the end by a mass extinction

32. Mesozoic Era

33. Divided into three periods: the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Early small, mouse-like mammals, dinosaurs, birds, flowering plants Mass extinction at the end Continental drift occurred in this era, which led to species dispersal – Plate tectonics: theory that states that Earth’s surface consists of several plates that drift on top of a molten layer of rock

35. Cenozoic Era Mammals flourish Primates appear Modern humans appear

36. The question of the six days of creation:

37. Wasn’t the earth created in six days??

38. The question of the six days of creation: The Hebrew word used in this passage for “day” (yom) can sometimes mean a longer- than-24-hour period (as it does in Genesis 2:4).

39. The question of the six days of creation: The Hebrew word used in this passage for “day” (yom) can sometimes mean a longer- than-24-hour period (as it does in Genesis 2:4). Genesis 1 is not necessarily meant to be understood as a literal chronological account. – The Hebrew terms for “evening” and “morning” were also understood as transition points between periods of time

40. The question of the six days of creation: Pope Pius XII explained that what is the literal sense of a passage is not always as obvious in the speeches and writings of the ancient authors of the East

41. The question of the six days of creation: Pope Pius XII explained that what is the literal sense of a passage is not always as obvious in the speeches and writings of the ancient authors of the East – The ancient writers did not always use those forms or kinds of speech which we use today; but rather they used those by the men of their times and countries

42. How is Genesis meant to be read?

43. There is a possibility that Genesis 1 is to be a topical reading, not a chronological one. – In ancient literature, it was common to sequence historical material by topic, rather than in strict chronological order.

44. How is Genesis meant to be read? There is a possibility that Genesis 1 is to be a topical reading, not a chronological one. – In ancient literature, it was common to sequence historical material by topic, rather than in strict chronological order. Genesis I is real history, it is simply ordered topically rather than chronologically, and the ancient audience of Genesis, would have understood it as such.

45. How is Genesis meant to be read? Even if Genesis 1 records God’s work in a topical fashion, it still records God’s work— things God really did.

46. How is Genesis meant to be read? Even if Genesis 1 records God’s work in a topical fashion, it still records God’s work— things God really did. The events of Genesis are not legend. They are accounts of real history, even if they are told in a style of historical writing that Westerners do not typically use.

48. What about Adam and Eve?

49. The Church explains that the story of Adam and Eve is not a fiction. The story of the creation and fall of man is a true one, even if not written entirely according to modern literary techniques.

50. Science and Religion The Catechism says (CCC159) that as long as it is not breaking any moral laws, scientific research in all branches can never conflict with the faith of the Church because science and faith both come from God. A scientist who remains humble and persevering is being led by the hand of God, who made everything human science studies. (CCC159) The Catholic Church has no fear of science or scientific discovery.

51. http://www.catholic.com/tracts/adam-eve- and-evolution

52. Classwork: Read “A Trip Through Geologic Time” pages 375-379 Make a geologic timeline by applying geologic time to one calendar year J F M A M J J A Sept Oct Nov D Dec 31 Life AppearsEarth Forms

53. J F M A M J J A Sept Oct Nov D Dec 31

54. 14.2 The Origin of Life

55. The Origin of Life (14.2) Describe the concept of spontaneous generation. What idea did Francisco Redi disprove? Describe the concept of biogenesis. What is a protocell? How did complex eukaryotic cells develop mitochondria?

56. The Early Ideas about Life In the past, people would look at decaying meat and assume that it generated maggots. This lead to the idea of spontaneous generation. Spontaneous generation: the idea that nonliving material can produce life

57. Spontaneous generation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNByRgh R6sw

58. Francesco Redi Disproved spontaneous generation of maggots

59. Francesco Redi Disproved spontaneous generation of maggots Redi used microscopes, which allowed him to see micro-organisms that live everywhere Redi’s use of microscopes led him to a new question: did micro-organisms generate spontaneously?

60. Louis Pasteur Disproved the idea that microorganisms are generated spontaneously http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8eRAsztKf uI

61. Louis Pasteur Disproved the idea that microorganisms are generated spontaneously

62. Louis Pasteur Disproved the idea that microorganisms are generated spontaneously Led to the development of the idea of biogenesis – Biogenesis: the idea that living organisms come only from other living organisms

63. Overview Simple organic compounds + complex organic compounds protocells early heterotrophic prokaryotic cells autotrophic prokaryotic cells (aerobic atmosphere) early eukaryotic cells eukaryotic cells + mitochondira & chloroplasts

64. Modern Ideas about How Life Formed on Earth 2 things must have happened on earth before life could have appeared: 1. Simple organic molecules must have formed Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids 2. Complex organic compounds must have formed ATP

65. Modern Ideas about How Life Formed on Earth Once these organic compounds had appeared, the right conditions existed for the formation of protocells – Protocell: a large, ordered structure, enclosed by a membrane, that carries out some (but not all) life activities

66. Modern Ideas about How Life Formed on Earth Protocell formation: http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=VhUIIONM 6A0&feature=player_e mbedded

67. The Evolution of Cells Prokaryotic cells evolved from protocells – Since the Earth’s atmosphere lacked oxygen at this point, scientists believe these prokaryotic cells were anaerobic. – They were heterotrophic

68. The Evolution of Cells Over time, the heterotrophic prokaryotes became autotrophs – These autotrophic cells were like today’s archaebacteria (prokaryotic cells that live in harsh environments)

69. The Evolution of Cells Next, the autotrophic prokaryotes began to photosynthesize – These cells released oxygen into the atmosphere

70. The Evolution of Cells Next, the autotrophic prokaryotes began to photosynthesize – These cells released oxygen into the atmosphere As the photosynthetic cells increased in number, the concentration of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere began to increase – Because of this increase in atmospheric oxygen, the ozone layer formed, which served as a layer of protection from harsh ultraviolet radiation

71. The formation of an atmosphere with oxygen provided an environment in which modern eukaryotic cells could appear

72. The Evolution of Cells Eukaryotic cells lived in an aerobic atmosphere, so they needed mitochondria to provide themselves with enough energy – Remember: mitochondria use oxygen to release energy from food particle

73. The Evolution of Cells Eukaryotic cells lived in an aerobic atmosphere, so they needed mitochondria to provide themselves with enough energy – Remember: mitochondria use oxygen to release energy from food particles The endosymbiont theory: says complex eukaryotic cells developed mitochondria and chloroplasts through a symbiotic relationship between ancient prokaryotes

75. The Evolution of Cells The endosymbiont theory: says complex eukaryotic cells developed mitochondria and chloroplasts through a symbiotic relationship between ancient prokaryotes – Over a long time, smaller prokaryotic cells were engulfed into eukaryotic cells – The smaller prokaryotic cells then ceased being able to live on their own – These smaller prokaryotic cells became mitochondria

76. Overview Simple organic compounds + complex organic compounds protocells early heterotrophic prokaryotic cells autotrophic prokaryotic cells (aerobic atmosphere) early eukaryotic cells eukaryotic cells + mitochondira & chloroplasts

77. Evolution in 8 minutes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1lHbCyZ Wt4