1. Exam Revision Dr. Alexandra I. Cristea

2. Admin 2 hours Summer examination –http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/academicoffice/ex aminations/mainsummerexams/http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/academicoffice/ex aminations/mainsummerexams/ –20 th May 14:00 Panorama Room 4 question to answer out of 6 – from topics as per next page; 25 marks per question Representing: 70% of module mark

3. Topics 1.Semantic Web Generalities, Applications Semantic Web: Topics 1, 9 2.RDF, RDFS: Topic 2 3.SPARQL: Topic 3 4.OWL, Ontology Development: Topics 4, 8 5.Description Logic, Web 2.0: Topics 5, 6 6.User Modelling: Topic 7 3

4. Type of questions T: theory –Based on lectures mainly, and recommended reading ET: extended theory –As above, but some interpretation may be needed; new examples may be required; PS: problem-solving –Problems based on the theory –Examples have been given at seminars 4

5. Semantic Web Generalities, Applications Semantic Web: Topics 1, 9 Topic 1: Generalities about the Semantic Web (PDF) Introduction to motivation and ideas of the Semantic Web, knowledge representation, linked data, ontologies.Generalities about the Semantic WebPDF Recommended Reading: Tim Berners-Lee's 2001 paper on the concept of the Semantic Web; TBL's article on Linked Data, 2006, and a more recent paper (2013) on Linked open data at web scale.Tim Berners-Lee's 2001 paperLinked DataLinked open data at web scale Semantic Web for the Working OntologistSemantic Web for the Working Ontologist (chapter 1). For those of you who have no clue about XML, the CS346 lectures on XML might be useful.CS346 lectures on XML 5

6. Semantic Web Generalities, Applications Semantic Web: Topics 1, 9 Topic 1: –Syntactic web definition, problems; Web APIs definition, problems –History of Semantic Web, Motivation of Semantic Web –WWW versus Semantic Web –What can the SW do? What are the requirements for SW? –Ontology definition (in SW); difference between dictionary, taxonomy, ontology –Ontology languages –OO ontology language model –Web Schema languages – and which are ontology languages –Layer cake –Four rules of Linked Data; URIs and their roles; –RDF for Linked Data; Kinds of Links; 5* data; advantages of Linked Data; 6

7. Semantic Web Generalities, Applications Semantic Web: Topics 1, 9 Topic 9: Applications of the Semantic Web (PDF)Applications of the Semantic WebPDF Current Applications of the Semantic Web. For this topic, we had a guest lecturer, Dr Abdulrahman Altahhan, Course Director for the MSc in Data Science at Coventry University (10th of December). Recommended Reading: Examples of SW Applications ; Case Studies ; Semantic Apps.Examples of SW ApplicationsCase StudiesSemantic Apps 7

8. Semantic Web Generalities, Applications Semantic Web: Topics 1, 9 Topic 9: –SW Vision + Layer cake –Simple XML versus RDF comparison –Simple RDFS versus OWL comparison –Why develop an ontology –SW versus AI –SW versus Knowledge Management –Example real life ontologies 8

9. RDF, RDFS: Topic 2 Topic 2: RDF, RDFS (PDF)RDF, RDFSPDF Representing semantic web data. Recommended: Protégé download.Protégé download. Reference information: RDF standard document: http://www.w3.org/RDF/; RDFS standard document http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/ http://www.w3.org/RDF/ http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/ Useful tool: RDF W3C validatorRDF W3C validator 9

10. RDF, RDFS: Topic 2 Topic 2: RDF, RDFS (PDF)RDF, RDFSPDF –RDF - what it stands for; what it is; usage example; purpose; –RDF and the SW –RDF statements, triples; graph language (nodes - including blanks, literals; links); –IRI, URI, URL; XML: 7 Rules; –RDF/XML: examples, namespaces, Qnames, elements, description, resource, properties – as attributes, resources, elements; containers (bag, sequence, alternative), collection, reification –RDFS – what it stands for, why it is needed, example (graphical language, XML language), abbreviated versus long class form –Check also Homework! 10

11. SPARQL: Topic 3 Topic 3: SPARQL(PDF)SPARQLPDF Querying semantic web structures. Recommended Reading: http://www.w3.org/SPARQL/ (chapter 2 on Query Language);http://www.w3.org/SPARQL/ Useful tool: SPARQL general purpose query processorSPARQL general purpose query processor Lab/lecture: hands-on SPARQL queries for RDF (and OWL): Word; PDF(updated!)Word PDF(updated!) Additional Exercises: PPT; PDFPPTPDF 11

12. SPARQL: Topic 3 Topic 3: SPARQL(PDF)SPARQLPDF –What it stands for, what it is, triple query, SELECT, WHERE, PREFIX, namespaces, variables, –FROM, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY DESC/ASC, LIMIT, OFFSET, DISTINCT, VALUES, similarity to SQL, –combining conditions., extracting multiple results, using the same subject ;, abbreviating multiple objects,, –OPTIONAL graph components, FILTER, UNION – combining matches, MINUS – subtracted graph patterns, multiple graphs, named graphs – FROM NAMED, GRAPH, graph as a variable, –ASK – for Boolean result; CONSTRUCT, DESCRIBE, –Sparql 1.1: Aggregates, Property Paths, –FOAF – what it stands for, what it does/is 12

13. OWL, Ontology Development: Topics 4, 8 Topic 4: Introduction to the Web Ontology Language OWL (PDF)Introduction to the Web Ontology Language OWLPDF Advanced semantic web data representations. Recommended References: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-guide/ ; http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/ ; http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-primer/ ;http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-guide/ http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-primer/ OWL2 validator: http://mowl-power.cs.man.ac.uk:8080/validator/ (sometimes this one is down)http://mowl-power.cs.man.ac.uk:8080/validator/ Lab/lecture: hands-on OWL ontology (PDF) analysing/ building with Protégé, Friday 13th of November (with Jonny Foss).hands-on OWL ontologyPDF Example OWL ontologies: travel.owl; pizza.owl; courses.owl (the latter is also a sample solution to the homework set in the lecture and treated in the lab/lecture above)travel.owlpizza.owlcourses.owl 13

14. OWL, Ontology Development: Topics 4, 8 Topic 4: Introduction to the Web Ontology Language OWL (PDF)Introduction to the Web Ontology Language OWLPDF –SW stack (layer cake), what is OWL, what it stands for, why, what is an ontology, OWL composition (DAML + OIL) and role, OWL versus RDF, sublanguages, OWL2 profiles, OWL use cases, OWL2 versus OWL1 (generically), what’s in an OWL ontology, –OWL/XML: header, assertions, OWL2 parts of the universe, –Individuals - instances, unique name assumption, homework, –properties – object, datatype, domain, range, property restriction – cardinality:min/max, allValuesFrom, someValuesFrom, hasValue, extending other ontologies, inverse property, transitive property, sub-properties, homework, XML Schema Datatypes in OWL, why separate object/classes and datatypes, homework, other OWL 1.0 special properties: owl:SymmetricProperty, owl: FunctionalProperty, owl: InverseFunctionalProperty 14

15. OWL, Ontology Development: Topics 4, 8 Topic 4: Introduction to the Web Ontology Language OWL (PDF)Introduction to the Web Ontology Language OWLPDF –Classes – super/subclass, disjointWith, owl:Thing, owl:Nothing, complementOf, unionOf, homework –OWL2 special properties: owl:ReflexiveProperty, owl:IrreflexiveProperty, owl:AssymmetricProperty, owl:propertyChainAxiom, owl:propertyDisjointWith, OWL1.0 versus OWL2.0(in details), –RDFS versus OWL (problems with RDFS), homework 15

16. OWL, Ontology Development: Topics 4, 8 Topic 8: Developing and evaluating ontologies (PDF)Developing and evaluating ontologiesPDF Methods for developing and evaluating ontologies. Recommended Reading: Ontology Development 101: A Guide to Creating Your First Ontology; Ontology evaluation ('04); example: internal consistency, individual inconsistencyOntology Development 101: A Guide to Creating Your First Ontology; Ontology evaluationexample: internal consistency, individual inconsistency Recommended Papers for reference: OntoEdit: Collaborative Ontology Development for the Semantic Web ('02); Ontologies: Principles, Methods and Applications (fundamental '96 paper); Data Driven Ontology Evaluation ('04)OntoEdit: Collaborative Ontology Development for the Semantic Web Principles, Methods and ApplicationsData Driven Ontology Evaluation 16

17. OWL, Ontology Development: Topics 4, 8 Topic 8: Developing and evaluating ontologies (PDF)Developing and evaluating ontologiesPDF –Why develop an ontology, 3 rules in ontology design, 7 ontology design steps, 1.Domain and Scope: general questions, competency questions, 2.Reusing existing ontologies (SWOOGLE etc.) 3.Important Terms – list 4.Classes and hierarchies – approaches: top down, bottom up, combination 5.Properties – object property types: intrinsic/extrinsic, parts, relationships 6.Facets of properties/slots: value type, allowed values, number – cardinality, domain, range: including design issues, 7.Create instances: 3 steps, –Error detection: classes: is-a, transitivity, evolution, names, cycles, siblings, how many, multiple inheritance, new class/not/property value/ instance, scope, disjointness 17

18. OWL, Ontology Development: Topics 4, 8 Topic 8: Developing and evaluating ontologies (PDF)Developing and evaluating ontologiesPDF –Error detection: classes: is-a, transitivity, evolution, names, cycles, siblings, how many, multiple inheritance, new class/not/property value/ instance, scope, disjointness Properties: inverse, default, Names: conventions –Evaluation criteria (+ detection): consistency (semantic inconsistency errors, circularity errors, partition errors), completeness, conciseness, expandability, sensitiveness 18

19. Description Logic, Web 2.0: Topics 5, 6 Topic 5: Description logics and classifiers (PDF)Description logics and classifiersPDF Reasoning with the semantic web. Recommended Reading: A description logic primer and An Introduction to Description Logics.A description logic primerAn Introduction to Description Logics Seminar/lab/lecture: understanding DL (PDF); Monday 16th of November (with Jonny Foss).understanding DLPDF 19

20. Description Logic, Web 2.0: Topics 5, 6 Topic 5: Description logics and classifiers (PDF)Description logics and classifiersPDF –What it is, why in OWL, concept definitions, reasoning, terminology: A Box, T Box, concept, role, subsumption, unfoldable terminology, language families, language elements, universal restriction, existential restriction, DL naming (without extensions), concept expressions, DL inference: satisfiability, subsumption, equivalence, disjointness, reduction to subsumption, reduction to unsatisfiability 20

21. Description Logic, Web 2.0: Topics 5, 6 Topic 6: Web 2.0 (PDF)Web 2.0PDF Data sources for the semantic web. Recommended Reading: Socially Aware Cloud Storage, by TBL, 2009.Socially Aware Cloud Storage Recomended Papers for reference: Ontologies are us (Mika, 2006).Ontologies are us 21

22. Description Logic, Web 2.0: Topics 5, 6 Topic 6: Web 2.0 (PDF)Web 2.0PDF –Web 1.0 versus Web 2.0, applications, –Mashups – definition, genres, –Web 2.0 concepts, 7 O’Reilly principles, 3 aspects of Web 2.0 collaboration, social trends, business trends, technology trends, SOA and Web 2.0, Web 2.0 issues/implications –SW versus Web 2.0 22

23. User Modelling: Topic 7 Topic 7: User Modelling (PDF)User ModellingPDF People representations on the semantic web. Recommended Reading: User Modelling for the Social Semantic Web (Plumbaum et al, 2011); Ontological technologies for user modelling (Sosnovsky, Dicheva, 2010); Generic User Modelling (Kobsa, 2007); User Profiles (Gauch et al, 2007).User Modelling for the Social Semantic WebOntological technologies for user modellingGeneric User ModellingUser Profiles Recommended Papers for reference: Challenges of SW for UM (Dolog, Nejdl, 2003).Challenges of SW for UM 23

24. User Modelling: Topic 7 Lab/lectures: Hands-on UMHands-on UM (PDF); Mon 30th of November (with Dana Al Qudah, Jonny Foss); See a quick starting example for classes, individuals, object and data properties at: exampleUM.owlPDFexampleUM.owl Working with UM: Thu 3rd of December (with Suncica Hadzidedic): website: http://new.port.org.ba/ (select 'English' from top right corner); Questionnaire: http://goo.gl/forms/CyX3T4JJ35http://new.port.org.ba/http://goo.gl/forms/CyX3T4JJ35 –Additional Recommended Reading: Paul Ekman's basic emotions; Robert Plutchik's emotion wheel; SAM mannekin.Paul Ekman's basic emotionsRobert Plutchik's emotion wheelSAM mannekin 24

25. User Modelling: Topic 7 Topic 7: User Modelling (PDF)User ModellingPDF –Definition, core/extended profile, motivation, application fields, –classification: info collection explicit/implicit; life-period static/dynamic/long- term; model structure: keyword/semantic net/ concept profiles –‘big picture’ of UM –UM shell systems: def; services, requirements; –UM server: advantages, services, requirements; trends; –What can we adapt to: knowledge (conceptual/user option/problem solving/misconceptions), cognitive properties (learning style: Kolb, field (in)dependence, impulsive/reflective, operation/comprehension learning, introvert/extrovert, negative fear of failure, competence perception, visual/verbal, sequential/global, active/reflective, sensing/intuitive), tasks/goals/plans, moods and emotions (conscious/unconscious), preferences (interests), context, environment, group, social interaction, etc. 25

26. User Modelling: Topic 7 Topic 7: User Modelling (PDF)User ModellingPDF –Info sources: semantic levels of UM – deep/shallow, User ID, –U Info collection: explicit/ implicit + advantages/disadvantages, –Model Representations: Keyword Profiles (Bag-of-Words, Profile vectors – 0-1, weighted, advanced); Semantic Network Profiles – synsets, weights; Concept Profiles – hierarchical concepts, abstract topics, levels; Overlay; Predictive; Analytic; –Building: Keyword Profiles – TF/IDF, LSI, LLSF; network profiles – keywords, weights; concept profiles – reference ontology; –Privacy Issues 26