1. Jicamarca Antenna Arrays: Systems and Science Ronald F. Woodman Instituto Geofisico del Peru

2. COCO-Hysell Mattresses Yagi array COCO-100 SOUSY Main Bistatic Tx Digisonde Tx JRO Arrays

3. Bistatic System for E region Density Measurements [Hysell and Chau, 2001, Shume et al. 2005]

4. Swartz, 03/11/7 64 th s Imaging at Jicamarca (2) 2D Antenna Configuration Module Hysell 4 1/256 th ’sTx on North and South quarters

5. AMISR System at JRO N

6. IS Antenna & Science 3-4 MW, 50MH, 300X300m, 2 polarizations, perp. to B

9. Jicamarca antenna pointing patterns

10. 1 3 42 l/4 l/2

11. L1 L2 TX1 TX2 Tx110111<f Tx20111 PolRCLC2xL22xL1 2xL< q l/4

12. JRO Modes ISR Coherent Scatter Radar Equatorial Electrojet F-Dispersa 150 Km. echoes PEME Neutral turbulence

13. ISR Theory ( )

16. ISR example (1) Oblique mode Hybrid 1 It combines the traditional Faraday Double Pulse mode with alternating code mode. Allowing use of the available duty cycle and therefore better measurements and higher altitudinal coverage than before! Note: There are no E region measurements!

17. ISR example (3) Perpendicular Mode East-West Drift

18. ISR example (2) Oblique mode Hybrid 2: Long Pulse + Faraday

19. Coherent scatter with the large array (imaging)

20. MST Spectra (from Woodman [2002])

21. CSR MST (1): ST Winds 0 25 13 days

22. MST Winds

23. ESF echoes (from Woodman and Chau [2001])

24. Slit-camera Analogy and Problems used with permission In some applications like races it is useful In many other applications it provides misleading results: Slow structures are stretch out Fast-moving structures are compressed. In general, it is difficult to discriminate space- time features.

25. Interferometry A B / P/ P f

26. Interferometry at Jicamarca (3) Main Interferometry Configuration for EEJ and ESF Tx on North and South quarters Rx on West and East quarters

27. Interferometry at Jicamarca (2) Measurements of Magnetic Field Inclination Using Incoherent scatter theory, combined with N-S Interferometer, Woodman [1971] was able to tome measure the inclination of the magnetic field above Jicamarca with 1 min of arc accuracy. At the time, models were off by ~1 o.Woodman [1971] [e.g. Woodman, 1971]Woodman, 1971

28. Woodman, 1971

29. Interferometry at Jicamarca (4) ESF and EEJ Interferometry Two quarter antennas for rx in the East- West direction. Vertical drift from first moment. Zonal drift from the cross-correlation angle between antenna pairs. [e.g. Kudeki et al., 1981]Kudeki et al., 1981 [e.g. Farley et al., 1981]Farley et al., 1981

30. Interferometry at Jicamarca (6) Aspect Sensitivity Configuration Receive signal on Various 64 th s Receive common Signal in 1/64 th Transmit on East and West Quarters [e.g. F. Lu, 2005; Ph.D. Thesis]

31. Interferometry at Jicamarca (10) Meteor-heads: Where do they come from? Most meteors come from the Apex direction. The dispersion around the Apex is ~18 o transverse to Ecliptic plane, and ~8.5 o in heliocentric longitude. Both in the Earth initial frame of reference. These features have been observed at different seasons, without no significant change on the population as function of season, e.g., November 2002 February 2003 June 2003 [from Chau and Woodman, 2004]Chau and Woodman, 2004

33. (from Woodman [1997])

34. Butler Matrix Butler and Lowe, 1961 FFT Algorithm Cochran et al., 1967

35. Swartz, 03/11/7 64 th s Antennas for Aperture Synthesis Imaging (Lots of Baselines !) Module Hysell 4 1/256 th ’sTx on North and South quarters

37. CSR Radar Imaging (5): EEJ at Twilight [from Chau and Hysell, 2004]

40. Imaging at Jicamarca (10): 3D Imaging – Lower Atmosphere Tropospheric Experiments Not much gain in information is obtained by using more than 3 antennas, with the “narrow” field of view employed (4 o and 8 o beam width for tropospheric and stratospheric images, respectively). Stratospheric Experiments Receiving Configuration [from Chau and Woodman, 2001]Chau and Woodman, 2001 [from Woodman and Chau, 2001]Woodman and Chau, 2001

41. Implementation -Antenna Codes

42. Coherent scattering and smaller radars and arrays

43. 61824012 500 1500 500 ESF and EEJ East Quarter ESF and EEJ West Quarter ESF and ESF East Quarter ESF and EEJ West Quarter 150 km echoes (Main vertical) EEJ (Oblique Yagis) EEJ (COCO) EEJ (COCO) 100 200 100 200 CSR-JULIA: Multimode Ionospheric Observations “Jicamarca Unattended Long term Investigations of the Atmosphere” [Balsley, 1993] JULIA concept: “Low-power and long-term measurements at Jicamarca”

44. CSR- JULIA: Parameters from ESF and 150- km echoes ESF: Interferometry150-km:Dual beam Under validation!

45. SOUSY Antenna Array

46. Distribution of the Antenna Array

47. Electrojet Trospheric –Stratospheric echoes Mesosphere 150km. echoes

48. Spread-F

49. F Region Incoherent scatter

51. Bistatic System for E region Density Measurements [Hysell and Chau, 2001, Shume et al. 2005]

52. Array patterns for Bistatic Prototype Array of four elements -Green: 5/2 λ spacing - Red: 3/2 λ spacing

55. [from Woodman and Chau, 2002] Counter Equatorial Electrojet Observations: Pure two-stream echoes

57. Yagi Array for narrow beam EEJ studies 16 5-element Yagis Yagi spacing: 5/2 λ EW alignment: Five main beams: -51,-23,0,23,51. West beams are selected by titlting 45 degrees the Yagis See good example of “pure two stream”, cosine dependence.

59. AMISR System Description AMISR = Advanced Modular Incoherent Scatter Radar Transmit freq : 430MHz Transmit Peak Power : 112kW Transmit average power <= 11.2kW (10% Duty Cycle) Transmit pulse width : 1  s – 2ms Antenna : crossed dipole array (circular pol.). 7 panels of 32 elements (3.5m. x 2m.)=49m 2 Receiver front end: low noise transistor amplifier on each element. Receiver back end : digital receiver PC level boards Antenna Configuration (8x1) EW Wide Beam

60. JULIA-AMISR (Interleave EEJ Experiments) -420-470 Frequency Dependency Effect Balsley and Farley[1971] Farley and Fejer[1975]

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