1. Roman Art and Architecture Early Empire Youthful Augustus

2. Early Empire (27 BC – AD 96) The Early Empire began with the rule of Augustus and his Julio-Claudian successors and continued until the end of the Flavian dynasty.

3. Early Empire (27 BC – AD 96) Selected emperors and their dates of rule (with names most influential empresses in parentheses) are listed in chronological order: Augustus (Livia) r. 27 BC -AD 14 Tiberius, r. 14-37 Caligula, r. 37-41 Claudius, (Agrippina the Younger ) r. 41-54 Nero, r. 54-68 Vespasian, r. 69-79 Titus, r. 79-81 Domitian, r. 81-96

4. Roman Religion Some parts taken from Etruscans: rites of divination & religious calendar Main Roman gods: Jupiter = sky, Mars = war, and Quirinus =Romulus: legendary first king of Rome deified. (753-716 BC). 3 senior Roman priests, or flamines maiores served each god Wore a distinctive dress including a white conical cap & observed system of taboos in order to keep themselves undefiled

5. Roman Religion Other gods: Janus = god of doorways & all undertakings. Temple in the Forum dedicated to Janus; Doors open in times of war & closed for peace (very rare event). Open doors sanctified soldiers’ route in war

6. Roman Religion Vesta = hearth goddess Symbol: sacred fire brought by Aeneas from Troy according to legend ; preserved in Rome in the sanctuary of the goddess in the Forum Fire watched by six virgins (vestal virgins) consecrated to the goddess as young girls & serve for 30 years. Vestal Virgins treated with the highest degree of reverence; offenses punishable by death. Violation of the vow of chastity by a vestal virgin was punishable by being buried alive in an underground vault

7. Portrait of Augustus Flashcard Schneider Adams, p. 244 http://www.culturalresources.com/images/Augustus2.jpg astro.temple.edu/~tlclark/lorica/musculata3.htm Compare Doryphoros

8. Statue of Augustus from Primaporta Marble; 20 BCE This is one of 300 portraits commissioned by Augustus during his 41-year reign Augustus changed Roman art by commissioning only youthful portraits of himself and his family Unlike the Roman Republic period, for the period of the Roman Empire onward, only youthful portraits were popular

9. Statue of Augustus from Primaporta Portraits of Augustus were displayed all over the empire and are one of the first examples of the use of art as a propaganda tool. This sculpture, stylistically liked to the classical Greek masterpiece Doryphoros by Ploykleitos, shows Augustus as a heroic general in the pose of a Greek athlete.

10. Statue of Augustus from Primaporta The small figure of Cupid proclaims Augustus’s divine ancestry (Gaius Julius Caesaar claimed to be the ancestor of Aeneus, son of Venus and half brother of Cupid) Visual testament to the approval given Augustus by the gods

11. Gardner’s 11 th ed., p. 265 www.indiana.edu/~leach/c414/juliclau.html www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/images.html www.romancoins.info/Caesar-Sculpture-1a1.HTML faculty.cva.edu/Stout/Roman/EarlyEmpire.html www.hermitagemuseum.org/.../2006/hm4_2_162.html Portrait bust of Livia (even old age)

12. Portraits of Livia Eternal youthfulness as befitted her status as empress Blemishless skin and sharply defined features derive from images of Classical Greek goddesses. Hairstyles changed with fashion Outlived Augustus by 15 years; lived to the age of 87

13. Flashcard wings.buffalo.edu/.../ara_pacis/ac882607.html Gardner’s http://www2.siba.fi/~kkoskim/rooma/pages/X76_174B.HTM Ara Pacis Augustae

14. Altar: originally constructed on the northern end of the Field of Mars, an area of Rome that was used for pasturing and military training. Due to flooding of the nearby Tiber River, the altar and Augustus’s mausoleum built nearby were buried until the 16 th century

15. Ara Pacis Augustae Was excavated several times and finally rebuilt and placed in a museum in 1938, under the direction of Benito Mussolini The altar is actually an enclosure for a personal altar. Outside is decorated with reliefs that depict the Pax Romana; Roman imperial processions like those found on the Parthenon of ancient Greece

16. Female personification (Tellus?) Flashcards http://www2.siba.fi/~kkoskim/rooma/pages/085_149B.HTM Gardner’s

17. Ara Pacis – Aeneas making a sacrifice http://muvtor.btk.ppke.hu/romaimuveszet/turc_114.jpg wings.buffalo.edu/.../ara_pacis/ac882607.html

18. Ara Pacis Augustae Images of Romulus, Remus, and Aeneus, the twins’ Trojan ancestor & the legendary ancestor of Augustus.

19. http://www2.siba.fi/~kkoskim/rooma/pages/X76_180B.HTM Procession of the imperial family Compare to Panathenaic procession frieze Parthenon

20. http://arthist.cla.umn.edu/aict/images/ancient/romart/512/015.jpg www.flickr.com/.../gauiscaecilius/sets/1760817/ sev2maryann.severnschool.com/.../Nimes3.htm Maison Caree, Nimes, France

21. In France (ancient Gaul) ca. AD 1-10 Neo-Classical Augustan style Larger than the Temple of “Fortuna Virilis” Corinthian pseudoperipteral temple Patterned on the Temple of Mars in the Forum of Augustus. Admired by Thomas Jefferson; used it as a model for the State Capitol in Richmond, VA.

22. Pont du Gard Flashcard http://arthist.cla.umn.edu/aict/images/ancient/romart/512/020.jpg

23. Pont-du-Gard 3-story bridge built to maintain the height of the water

24. Pont-du-Gard Millions of individuals depended on government for food distribution, water supply and sanitation, and police and firefighters. Water was the most pressing need Built aquaducts to carry water from mountain sources to city on Tiber River & beyond Water carried over great distance; flowed by gravity & required continuous gradual decline over the entire route.

25. http://arthist.cla.umn.edu/aict/images/ancient/romart/512/021.jpg Aqueduct system

26. http://www.centropilota.it/zona/porta.jpg www.fotografiediroma.it/pagine/fotografiediro... www.computingscience.nl/.../wvdwtekstvoorweb.htm www.livius.org/.../p_maggiore.html Aqueduct channels Porta Maggiore Attic Mediaeval view on the Porta Maggiore and dwellings (J.B. Piranesi) Model of the Porta Maggiore Rusticated Masonry

27. Porta Maggiore Grandiose gate constructed under emperor, Claudius (r. AD 41-54) Was constructed at the point where 2 water lines converged Attic, uppermost story, bear an inscription that hides the conduits of both aqueducts, one above the other Example of rusticated (rough) masonry style. Combines smooth (favored by Hellenic & Augustan architects) and rusticated surfaces Influenced the façade designs of some Renaissance palaces

28. www.tickitaly.com/galleries/domus-aurea-rome.php Gardner’s 11 th ed., p. 270 www.indiana.edu/~leach/c414/flavbild.html www.utexas.edu Domus Aurea (Golden House) Plan of entire Golden House View from Outer chambers

29. The Golden House of Nero Domus Aurea Extravagant country villa in the heart of Rome Built in first century after a great fire destroyed large section of Rome New building code established that resulted in widespread use of concrete Severus and Celer, two brillant archiect- engineers, were comissioned to design an Imperial Palace for Nero

30. The Golden House of Nero Domus Aurea Most significant feature is the octagonal room Ceiling is a dome that modulates from an 8- sided to hemispherical form as it rises to an oculus Rooms radiate from the octagon and contain decorative recesses Archictects designed walls and vaults not as a limiting space but as shaping it. Ingenious use of concrete: not limited by stones.

31. Colosseum exterior velarium (one theory) Reconstruction faculty.cva.edu www.utexas.edu/.../romanciv/30224art1images.htm Flashcard Bracket for velarium

32. Colosseum Rome 79-80 CE freestanding Flavian amphitheater Nero, Claudius, and Agrippina/ a fire in the Circus Maximus/ Vespasian/ use of concrete/ velarium/ height of a modern-day 16 story building/ use of three architectural orders/ supported by arches instead of columns/ easy access in and out/ Roman gladiators

33. http://www2.siba.fi/~kkoskim/rooma/pages/350_027B.HTM : www.utexas.edu/.../romanciv/30224art1images.htm www.utexas.edu/.../romanciv/30224art1images.htm http://arthist.cla.umn.edu/aict/images/ancient/romart/512/024.jpg Colosseum interior

34. Gardner’s 12 th ed., p. 272 www.indiana.edu/~leach/c414/flavport.html Flashcard Verism Vespasian

35. Army officer; gained control of Rome in 69 AD & remained imperial leader for 10 yrs. Not an aristocrat: came from a middle-class family (the Flavians) in a small Italian town. Become emperor through his own efforts, not family connections or palace intrigues. Knew the provinces better than he knew Rome, so he relied on the Roman or Romanized inhabitants of the provinces Artwork reflects his simpler tastes; return to a ‘rusticated’ form of verism

36. Portrait bust of a Flavian woman Flashcard mandarb.net/virtual_gallery/sculptures/gaul.shtml

37. Flavian Woman 90 BCE Idealized Beauty Cutting-edge fashionable coiffure Hair creates dramatic interplay of light and shadow Hair created with a drill instead of a chisel

38. reconstruction faculty.cva.edu www.pilgrimages.com Flashcards Arch of Titus Triumphal arch Composite columns Spandrels

39. Arch of Titus Rome, after 81 CE Titus (AD 79-81) older son of Vaspasian Erected by Domitian (AD 81-96), younger brother & successor in honor of Titus to celebrate victory in the Jewish War. Triumphal arches were connected with Roman idea of victory, and a ‘triumph’ was an honor voted by the Senate. Ritual procession - troops marched before the populace; exhibit booty & prisoners-of-war confirming success of the general and his army.

40. Arch of Titus Law required that Soldiers lay down their arms outside the city walls, before marching beneath the triumphal arch Small marble arch; partially restored inscription on attic states that Senate and the Roman people erected this monument to commemorate Titus. Representations of ‘Victory’ fill the corners above the arch, called the spandrels, and two large relief panels, each with a scene from the triumphal procession, decorate the walls of the passageway.

41. Arch of Titus Composite order- capitals are formed by superimposing Ionic volutes on a Corinthian capital- supporting an entablature.

42. http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/titus/spoilsmiddle.jpg www.historyforkids.org/.../art/archoftitus2.htm www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/titus/titus.html Arch of Titus Spoils of Jerusalem Flashcards

43. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/titus/triumphwhole.jpg www.answers.com/topic/arch-titus-relief-jpg www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Article/616327 Flashcards Arch of Titus Triumph of Titus