1. Alkaloids

2. What is alkaloid?
The term Alkaloid (Alk=Alkali; Oid=Like) was proposed by W.Meissnerin in 1819 for basic nitrogen containing compounds of plant origin.It may be defined as physiologically active basic compound of plant origin in which at least one nitrogen atom forms part of a cyclic system.
New Definition: Alkaloids are cyclic organic compounds containing nitrogen in a negative state of oxidation with limited distribution among living organisms.
Forms of Alkaloids:
Free bases
Salts with Organic acids e.g. Oxalic, acetic acids
Salts with inorganic acids e.g. HCl, H2SO4.
Salts with special acids: e.g. Meconic acid in Opium Quinic acid in Cinchona
Glycosidal form e.g. Solanine in Solanum.

3. Function in Plants
They may act as protective against insects and herbivores due to their bitterness and toxicity.
They are, in certain cases, the final products of detoxification (waste products).
Source of nitrogen in case of nitrogen deficiency.
They, sometimes, act as growth regulators in certain metabolic systems.
They may be utilized as a source of energy in case of deficiency in carbon dioxide assimilation.

4. Physical Properties: I- Condition:
Most alkaloids are crystalline solids.
Few alkaloids are amorphous solids e.g. emetine.
Some are liquids that are either: Volatile e.g. nicotine and coniine, or Non-volatile e.g. pilocarpine and hyoscine.
II- Color:
The majority of alkaloids are colorless but some are colored e.g.: Colchicine and berberine are yellow, Canadine is orange,The salts of sanguinarine are copper-red.
III- Solubility:
Both alkaloidal bases and their salts are soluble in alcohol.
Generally, the bases are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water

5. Physical Properties(cont..)
Exceptions:
Bases soluble in water: caffeine, ephedrine, codeine, colchicine, pilocarpine and quaternary ammonium bases.
Bases insoluble or sparingly soluble in certain organic solvents: morphine in ether, theobromine and theophylline in benzene.Salts are usually soluble in water and, insoluble or sparingly soluble in organic solvents.
Salts insoluble in water: quinine monosulphate.
Salts soluble in organic solvents: lobeline and apoatropine hydrochlorides are soluble in chloroform.
IV- Isomerization:
Optically active isomers may show different physiological activities.
l-ephedrine is 3.5 times more active than d-ephedrine.
l-ergotamine is 3-4 times more active than d-ergotamine.
d- Tubocurarine is more active than the corresponding l- form.
Quinine (l-form) is antimalarial and its d- isomer quinidine is antiarrythmic.
The racemic (optically inactive) dl-atropine is physiologically active.

6. Chemical Properties: I- Nitrogen:
Primary amines R-NH e.g. Norephedrine
Secondary amines R2-NH e.g. Ephedrine
Tertiary amines R3-N e.g. Atropine
Quaternary ammonium salts R4-N e.g d-Tubocurarine
II- Basicity:
R2-NH > R-NH2 > R3-N
Saturated hexacyclic amines is more basic than aromatic amines.
According to basicity Alkaloids are classified into: Weak bases e.g. Caffeine
Strong bases e.g. Atropine
Amphoteric :* Phenolic Alkaloids e.g. Morphine *Alkaloids with Carboxylic groups e.g. Narceine
Neutral alkaloids e.g. Colchicine

7. III- Oxygen: Most alkaloids contain Oxygen and are solid in nature e.g. Atropine.
Some alkaloids are free from Oxygen and are mostly liquids e.g. Nicotine, Coniine.
Most alkaloids contain Oxygen and are solid in nature e.g. Atropine.
IV- Stability:
Effect of heat:
Alkaloids are decomposed by heat, except Strychnine and caffeine (sublimable).
Reaction with acids:
1- Salt formation.
2- Dil acids hydrolyze Ester Alkaloids e.g. Atropine

8. Nomenclature:
Trivial names should end by "ine". These names may refer to:
The genus of the plant, such as Atropine from Atropa belladona.
The plant species, such as Cocaine from Erythroxylon coca.
The common name of the drug, such as Ergotamine from ergot.
The name of the discoverer, such as Pelletierine that was discovered by Pelletier.
The physiological action, such as Emetine that acts as emetic, Morphine acts as narcotic.
A prominent physical character, such as Hygrine that is hygroscopic.
Prefixes and suffixes:
Prefixes:
"Nor-" designates N-demethylation or N-demethoxylation, e.g. norpseudoephedrine and nornicotine.
"Apo-" designates dehydration e.g. apomorphine.
"Iso-, pseudo-, neo-, and epi-" indicate different types of isomers.
Suffixes:
"-dine" designates isomerism as quinidine and cinchonidine.
"-ine" indicates, in case of ergot alkaloids, a lower pharmacological activity e.g. ergotaminine is less potent than ergotamine.

9. Describe the procedure of extraction and isolation of alkaloids:
On the properties, alkaloid can be isolated from the plant materials:
Alkaloid form salt with aqueous mineral acid which when treated with base free alkaloid is liberated.
Free alkaloids are soluble in organic solvent where as the alkaloidal salt soluble in water.
For this purpose the plant material is dried and crushed into powder and then extracted. In nature most of the alkaloids remain in free form. But some of them also remain in salt form.

10. There are a number of method to extract alkaloid, such as-
Process A:
The plant material is moistened with water and mixed with lime or NH4OH to get free most of the alkaloids (if they exist in salt form or in plant). These materials are then extracted with organic solvent such as chloroform.
The concentrated organic layer containing the free alkaloid treated with aqueous mineral acid and allowed to separate. So the salts are now in the aqueous layer, where many impurities remain behind in the organic layer.
The aqueous layer containing the salt of alkaloid is treated with a base to set free form of alkaloid and shaken with organic solvent such as chloroform. So free alkaloid is separated out in chloroform layer and evaporated to get crude alkaloid. The process is repeated three times to get more free alkaloids.

11. Diagram Plant material Extract with water & aqueous alcohol
Salt of alkaloid in aqueous layer
Extract with organic solvent
Salt of alkaloid in aqueous layer Impurities in CHCl3layer
Treated with base
Free alkaloid
Extracted with organic solvent
Crude alkaloid

12. Process B: The plant material is extracted with water or aqueous alcohol containing HCl acid. The aqueous layer is then extracted with organic solvent such as CHCl3 to remove pigments and other unwanted substances which is soluble in that solvent. The aqueous layer is then treated with ammonia to get the alkaloid free which is then separated by shaking with organic solvent.
Plant material
Moistened with water
Free alkaloid+salt+any compound
Extract with organic solvent
Organic layer containing free alkaloid
Shake with aqueous acid
Salt of alkaloid in aqueous layer Impurities in CHCl3layer
Treated with base
Free alkaloid
Extracted with organic solvent
Crude alkaloid

13. Describe different alkaloid test.
Most Alkaloids are precipitated from neutral or slightly acid solution by various reagent. Following colour tests are used to detect the presence of alkaloid Test for alkaloids 1. Dragendorff’s test Reagent: potassium bismuth iodide solution
Test: 1 ml of extract + 1 ml of Dragendorff’s reagent An orange-red precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids. 2.Mayer’s test Reagent: potassium mercuric iodide solution
Test: 1 ml of extract + 1 ml of Mayer’s reagent Whitish or cream colored precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids. 3.Hager’s test
Reagent: saturated aqueous solution of picric acid Test:1 ml of extract + 3 ml of Hager’s reagent Yellow colored precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids

14. 4. Wagner’s test Reagent: iodine in potassium iodide
Test: 1 ml of extract + 2 ml of Wagner’s reagent Reddish brown colored precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids.
5. Tannic acid test:
Reagent: Freshly prepared 5% saturated solution of tannic acid.
Test: Alkaloids give precipitate with tannic acid solution which is soluble in dilute acid or ammonia solution.
Test: 1 ml of extract + 1 ml tannic acid reagent PPT Dilute acid Soluble

15. Special colour reagents:
Erlich's reagent (Van-Urk reagent): (Acidified p-dimethyl-aminobenzaldehyde).
It gives characteristic blue or grayish-green
color with ergot alkaloids
Acidified cerric ammonium sulphate.
Characteristic for indole alkaloids, it gives a
yellow or orange/red colour.
Vitali-Morin reagent.
Characteristic for Tropane alkaloids.
Thaleoquine reaction.
Characteristic for Cinchona alkaloids.
Murexide reaction.
Characteristic for Purine bases

16. Murexide test:
A small amount of caffeine is taken in porcelain dish+small amount of potassium chlorate+one drop of HCl to dryness Purple colour
2.Exposed to NH3 vapour

17. Classification of alkaloid:
There are many systems of classification of alkaloids-
Most common classification is as follows-
A.True alkaloid:These are toxic, show a wide range of physiological activity and contain nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring. They are derived from amino acids and normally occur in plants.
E.g. Morphine

18. C.Pseudo alkaloid:These are not derived from amino acid precursors and
are usually basic in nature.e.g. purine alkaloids
B.Proto alkaloid: These are relatively simple amine in which the amino acid nitrogen is not in a heterocyclic ring.e.g. Ephedrine

19. Chemical classification:
According to the nature of basic chemical structure, alkaloids are divided into two broad groups:
Atypical or proto or non-heterocyclic alkaloid:Atypical alkaloids are those which contain nitrogen atom in form of amine in the branched chain of the structure. they are also called biological amines.

20. b.Typical alkaloid:
These contain nitrogen in a cyclic ring of the molecular structure and all basic properties of alkaloids.These are as follows-
Pyrrole e.g. proline
Pyrrolidine e.g. Hygrine

21. iii.Pyridine- iv. Piperidine e.g. caffeine e.g. coniine
v. Tropane e.g. Atropine

22. vi. Quinoline e.g. quinine
vii. Isoquinoline e.g. Papaverine

23. viii. Indole-
e.g. Reserpine
ix. Imidazole
e.g. Pilocarpine

24. x. Steroidal- e.g. Solanidine

25. Describe the biosynthesis of alkaloid
The biosynthesis of many alkaloidal structures can be rationalzed through simple chemical reactions that involve amino acids. The amino acids that most often serve as alkaloidal precursors include pheylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan,histidine, anthranilic acid, lysine and ornithine.
The general reactions which is important for the biosynthesis of alkaloid include the de-caboxylation and transamination of the amino acids to yield a corresponding amine or aldehyde. These an react to form a Schiff base which inturn can react with a carbanion in Mannich type condensation-

26. Mannich type condensation-
COOH
R—CHNH CO R—CH2NH2
α-amino acid Decarboxylation
R’’—CHNH CO R’’—CHO
Transamination

27. R—CH2NH2 + R’’—CHO --H2O RNH=CH H+ RNH=CH Schiff base R’’ R’’
RNH=CH +H—C—H Mannich type RNH—CH
R’’’ Condensation CH2
R’’’ Alkaloid + + -

28. Areca Synonyms---Betel Nut. Pinang, Supari, Gua.
Botanical source: Areca nut or betal nut is the dried, ripe seed of Areca catechu.Family: Aracaceae
Geographical source: Possibly native of the Philippines.The areca palm (Areca catechu), which grows in much of the tropical Pacific, Asia, and parts of east Africa.
Chemical Constituents:Areca nut contains several alkaloids of the pyridine group, such as arecoline, arecaine, arecodine, arecaidine, guvacine, isoguvacine, choline, etc.; ß-sitosterol and leucocyanidins. Its water extracts yields catechu, which contains tannins, catechin, gallic acid etc. Seeds contain anti-P agglutinins and agglutinin. Fresh fruits contain condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, non-tannin flavans (catechi, epiechin) and simple phenolics. Seeds contain di-, tri- and tetrameric profyanidins. Four bioactive (5'-necleosidase inhibitors) polyphenolic substances have also been isolated from the seed. Seed endosperm contains (+)-catechin, 2 monomeric and 6 polymeric leucocyanidins. The nut also contains vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and ascorbic acid. Areca nut is a good source of fluoride.

29. Guvacine Arecaidine
Uses:
In Ayurvedic medicine, the nut is used for headaches, fever and rheumatism.
In China, used to treat parasitic infection. Also, used for dyspepsia, constipation, beriberi and edema.
Tender seeds used as purgative; grated ripened ones as vermifuge. Externally used as astringent. Crush leaves is used in Sprains, bruises, contusions .
Fruit in decoction considered abortifacient, the nut as an emmenagogue
It can be used in cerebral haemorrhage

30. Belladona
Other Names: Deadly Nightshade, Devil's Cherries, Devil's Herb, Divale, Dwale, Dwayberry, Grande.
Botanical source: Belladona cosists of the dried leaf and flowering top of Atropabelladona.
Family: Solanaceae
Geographical source: The plant is indigenous to central and southern Europe and is cultivated in England, other European countries and the United States of America.
Constituents: The leaves contain1% alkaloids. About three fourth of these is Hyoscyamine and other one is Atropine. Leaves also contain Scopoletin and calcium-oxalate.

31. Use:
Belladonna is used as a sedative,
To stop bronchial spasms in asthma and whooping cough, and as a cold and hay fever remedy.
It is also used for Parkinson's disease, colic, motion sickness, and as a painkiller.
Belladonna is used in ointments that are applied to the skin for joint pain (rheumatism), leg pain caused by a disc in the backbone pushing on the sciatic nerve (sciatica), and nerve pain (neuralgia).
Belladonna is also used in plasters (medicine-filled gauze applied to the skin) for treating psychiatric disorders, a behavior disorder called hyperkinesis, excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), and bronchial asthma.
Rectally, belladonna is used in hemorrhoid suppositories.

32. Stramonium
Common name: Devil's Apple. Jamestown-weed. Jimson-weed. Stinkweed. Devil's Trumpet. Apple of Peru.
Botanical source: It is consists of dried leaves and flowering top of Datura stramonium or it’s variety of D.tatula.
Family: Solanaceae
Geographical source: D. stromonium is probably originated in Caspian Sea territories and spreaded to Europe in the first century. At present it grows in waste places in Europe, Asia, America and South Africa. D. stromonium is cultivated in Germany, France, Hungary, South America and throughout the world.
Constituents: The major tropane alkaloids hyoscyamine and scopolamine and several minor tropane alkaloids have been identified in Datura species. Typical examples of minor alkaloids in D. stramonium are tigloidin, aposcopolamine, apoatropin, hyoscyamine N-oxide and scopolamine N-oxide.The plant also contains saponins, tannins, albumin and glycosides.

33. Use:
D. stramonium is now used to treat asthma, and gastrointestinal problems, also aches, abscesses,arthritis, boils, headaches, hemorroids, rattlesnake bites, sprains, swellings, and tumors.
It acts as a sedative in large doses and as a stimulant and deleriant in high ones.
Datura is an anodyne, antibiotic, antispasmodic and narcotic.
Relieving the pains of rheumatism and sciatica when applied as an ointment, and easing spasms of Parkinsons disease are unproven accounts of the effects of Jimson weed.

34. Hyoscyamus
Synonyms:Common Henbane, Hyoscyamus, Hog's-bean, Jupiter's-bean, Henbane
Botanical name: It is consists of dried leaves and flowering top of Hyoscyamus niger.
Family: Solanaceae
Geographical source: The plant is an annual, biennial herb indigenous to Europe, Western Asia, Northern Africa and is cultivated in Russia, U.K., USA and germany.
Constituents: The chief constituents of hyoscyamus seeds are two alkaloids, hyoscyamine and hyoscine .are two alkaloids, besides fixed oil and fatty matter, gum, starch, albuminous matter, etc.
Use:
In treating cramps and irritable bowel syndrome.
In cramping pain caused by kidney stones and gallstones,
Parkinson’s disease.
In addition, it is used to decrease side effects of  insecticides.
Decreases acid production in the stomach.

35. Cacao Common Name(s): Cacao , cocoa, chocolate tree .
Botanical Name(s): It is the seeds of Theobroma cacao
Family: Sterculiaceae
G.S.: The plant is a tree found in South and Central America, Westindies and Java.
Constituents: The seeds contain fixed oil, sarch, protein, theobromine and caffeine
theobromine
Use:
It has positive effects on mood, high blood pressure, and heart health, improving circulation and having no adverse effects on cholesterol.
Theobromine is used as diuretic.
Cocoa syrup is used as flavoring agent
Cocoa butter is used as suppository base.
Theobromine

36. CINCHONA Synonyms: Cinchona Bark, Peruvian Bark, Cinchonae Cortex
Botanical source: Cinchona consists of the dried bark of various species, races and hybrids of Cirichona, particularly of Cinchona succirubra Pavon (Red Cinchona), Cinchona calisaya Weddell (Yellow Cinchona), Cinchona ledgeriafla Moens, and Cinchona officinalis Linn. Family: Rubiaceae.
Geographical source: Cinchona is indigenous to Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia and cultivated commercially in Java (Indonesia) and India.
Constituents: Cinchona bark contains four important quinoline alkaloids, which are quinine, quinidine, cinchonine and cinchonidine. It also contains quinic acid, cinchotannic acid, cinchona red and many minor alkaloids.
Uses: Cinchona possesses febrifuge properties and has been used in the treatment of malaria fever

37. Ipecac
Common names: Ipecac also is known as ipecacuanha, golden root, Rio ipecac or Brazilian ipecac
Scientific names: It is the dried root or rhizome of Cephalelis ipecacuanha or C. acuminate. Family: Rubiaceae
G.S.: The plant is indigenous to Brazil. It is also cultivated in Malaysia, Nicaragua
Constituents: Ipecac’s major constituents are the alkaloids emetine and cephaline. The roots also contain tannins,calcium oxalate and small amounts of anthraquinone glycosides
Emetine
Use: Ipecac is taken by mouth to cause vomiting after suspected poisoning.
It is also used to treat bronchitis associated with croup in children, a severe kind of diarrhea (amoebic dysentery), and cancer
Ipecac is also used as an expectorant to thin mucous and make coughing easier. Small doses are used to improve appetite.
Health professionals sometimes give ipecac by IV (intravenously) for hepatitis and pockets of infection (abscesses).

38. Opium Synonym: common garden poppy
Biological Source: Opium or gum opium is the air dried milky exudates obtained by incising the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum
Family:Papaveriaceae
G.S.:The plant is cultivated in Burma, Thailand, Afghanstan, China, India, Pakistan, Iran
Constituents: More than 30 different alkaloids have been obtained. Most important of these are Morphine (4-21%), Codeine ( %), Noscapine formerly narcotine (4-8%), Papaverine ( %), thebaine (0.5-2%) and narceine etc.
Uses:
As an analgesic, a hypnotic, narcotic and antidiarrheal.
Checks excessive peristalsis.
Seed used as food and salad dressing.

39. How opium is adulterated?
Opium is adulterated with the fragments of capsule, the pulp of figs and other fruits, trgacanth, bees wax, powdered cumin seed, starch and such organic substances as clay, sand, stone, lead piping etc.

40. RAUWOLFIA
Synonyms: Rauwolfia Serpentina, Rauwolfia Root, Indian Snri’ root, Sarpagondha, Chhotachand
Botanical source: Rauwolfia consists of the dried roots Rauvolfia serpentina Benth., a large shrub of the farnil, Apocynaceae.
Geographical source: The Plant is indigenous to Bangladesh, India, Burma, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia.
Chemical constituents:
Rauwolfia contains 1.2 to 1.4 percent of total indole alkaloids , the most important of which are rcscrpjne, descrpidine and recinnamine.
It also includes resinous matter, fatty acids, unsaturated alcohols, dextrose and sucrose.

41. Uses:
It is used in reducing high blood pressure
it is also used as a sedative in the treatment of insomnia, anxiety, insanity and certain other neurophychiatric dishorders.

42. NUX-VOMICA Synonyms: Strychni Semina, Crow Fig.
Botanical source: Nux-vomica consists of the dried seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica Linn., Family: Loganiaceae.
Geographical source: plant grows wild in India, West Indies and Cameroon and sporadically in Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh.
Chemical constituents:
The seed drug Nux-vomica contains the indole alkaloids, strychnine (about 1.24 %) and brucine (about 1.5 %). It also contains caffeotannic acid, a glycoside, loganin and a fixed oil.
Uses:
It is used as a tonic and stomachic and is given in constipation.
It increases blood pressure. Thus it is also useful in certain cases of heart failure
In large doses it causes convulsions and thus is used in pharmacological research.

43. Ergot
B.S.: Ergot is the dried sclertium of a fungus Claviceps purpurea that grows on the ears of rye plant Secale cereal
Family: Gramineae
G.S.: The plant is widely cultivated in Germany, France, Russia, Spain and Prtugal
Use:
Ergot is used as rich source of ergot alkaloid
Ergotamine and it’s semisynthetic derivatives are used in migraine
Ergometrine is oxytocic and is used in delivery
It stimulates the tone of uterine muscle

44. Ergot also contains tyramine, histamine and very small amount of amines and acetyl choline.
Constituents: Ergot contains a number of alkaloids which are classified in to 3 groups. These are-
Group
Alkaloid
Formula
Ergometrin(water solube)
Ergometrine
C6H23O2N3
Ergometrinine
Ergotamine
1st pair
a.Ergotamine
b.Ergotaminine
C33H35O5N5
2nd pair
a.Ergosine
b.Ergosinine
C30H35O5N5
Ergotoxin
a.Ergocristine
b. Ergocristinine
C30H39O5N5
a.Ergocryptine
b.Ergocryptinine
C32H41O5N5
3rd pair
a.Ergocornine
b.Ergocorninine
C31H39O5N5

45. Use:
Ergot is used as rich source of ergot alkaloid
Ergotamine and it’s semisynthetic derivatives are used in migraine
Ergometrine is oxytocic and is used in delivery
It stimulates the tone of uterine muscle
Ergotism: It is the danger of ergot that produces various diseases. Before systemic cultivation of ergot if the fungus invade the rye field then it is harvested with rye grain and rye flour is contaminated with the fungus and when people ingest this flour they become victim of some diseases which are known as Ergotism

46. Pilocarpus.
Common Names: Jaborandi, Pernambuco Jaborandi, Maranham Jaborandi.
Botanical Source :The dried leaflets of (1) Pilocarpus Jaborandi, Holmes; or (2) Pilocarpus microphyllus,Family: Rutaceae
G.S.:The jaborandi shrub is a native of Brazil, it is also found in Central and Southarn America.
Chemical Composition.—The active principle of jaborandi leaves is the alkaloid pilocarpine, Several other active principles were subsequently isolated from the mother liquors of pilocarpine-namely, the alkaloids jaborine, pilocarpidine, jaboridine and volatile jabonine, as well as jaboric and pilocarpic acids;
Use:
1.it is helpful in renal disease
2. Increase the secretion of saliva
3. Is used to contract pupil

47. Aconite
Common Name(s): Aconite , aconite tuber , monkshood , friar's cap , helmet flower
Scientific Name(s): It is the dried root of Aconitum napellus Family:Ranunculaceae
G.S.: Most of the commercial supply comes from central and southern Europe and partially from Spain.
Chemical Composition.— Aconite contains terpene alkaloids of which the most important is Aconitine.It also contains alkaloids like mesaconitine, hypaconitine, neoaconitine and napelline,Besides these it also contains cane sugar, glucose, resin, fats, aconitic acid (H3C6H3O6), usually combined with calcium in the form of calcium aconitategum, albumen and tannin.
Use:
Some people apply aconite to the skin in liniment as a “counterirritant” for treating facial pain, joint pain, and leg pain.
It is taken by mouth for gout, finger numbness, cold hands and feet, inflammation, painful breathing and fluid in the space surrounding the lungs
In certain heart problems (pericarditis sicca), fever, skin diseases, and hair loss.
Aconite is also used as a disinfectant, to treat wounds, and to promote sweating. 

48. Veratrum
Common Name(s):False hellebore, hellebore, Indian poke, American white hellebore
B.s.: It is the dried root and rhizome of Veratrum viride.Family: Liliaceae
G.S.: It is native to eastern and western (but not central) North America and widely cultivated in Canada, USA.
Constituents: There are more than 50 steroidal alkaloids found in American hellebore. Isolated chemical constituents include: O-acetyljervine, cevadine, cryptenamine, cyclopamine (11-deoxojervine), cycloposine, germitrine, germidine, jervine, muldamine, protoveratrine (A&B), veratramine, veratridine, and veriloid.
Use:
It is used in hypertension
It has been used in the treatment of pneumonia, peritonitis, and other sthenic fevers, but is chiefly useful in chronic diseases, such as arterio-sclerosis and interstitial nephritis.

49. Coffee Synonym: Caffea
B.S.: Coffee bean or coffee seed is the dried ripe seed of Coffea arabica Family: Rubiaceae
G.S.: The plant is indigenous to Ethiopia and other parts of Eastern Africa and is widely cultivated in Indonesia, Srilanka and Brazil.
Constituents: Beans contain Oil, wax, caffeine, aromatic oil, tannic acid, caffetannic acid, gum, sugar, protein.
Caffeine
Use:
People drink coffee to relieve mental and physical fatigue and to increase mental alertness.
Coffee is also used to prevent Parkinson's disease, gallstones, type 2 diabetes, gastrointestinal cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer.
Other uses include treatment of headache, low blood pressure, obesity, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder

50. Decaffeinized coffee
Decaffeinized coffee is prepared by extracting most of the caffeine from the coffee bean yet retaining the pleasant aroma of coffee. Such apreparation usually contains 0.085% caffein
Use: Acts as stimulant;diuretic; in CNS depressant poisoning

51. Tea
Synonym: Cha
B.S.: It is consists of the prepared leaves and leaf buds of Camellia sinensis or Camellia thea or Thea sinensis
Family:Theaceae
G.S.: Camellia sinensis is native to East, South and Southeast Asia, but it is today cultivated across the world in tropical and subtropical regions.
Constituent: Tea contains Tannin, caffeine, adenine, theophylline, theobromine, Xanthine and volatile oil.

52. Use:
Theophylline and Theobromine are used as smooth muscle relaxant and diuretic
The chief use of tea is as a source of caffeine which has a marked stimulating action on the CNS, kidney, muscle and heart.
Processing of tea: There are two types of tea on the basis of their processing:
Green tea: It is prepared by in China and Japan by rapidly drying the freshly peaked leaves in copper pan over a mild artificial heat. The leaves are often rolled in the palm of the hand as they dry.
Black tea: It is prepared in Srilanka and India by heaping the fresh leaves until fermentation has begun. They are then rapidly dried with artificial heat.

53. Lupins B.S.: It is the dried Seeds, herb of Lupinus albus
Family: Leguminosae
G.S.: The Lupinus are a large genus of handsome plants, represented in Europe, Asia and North and South America
Constituents: The bitter principle Lupinin is a glucoside occurring in yellowish needles.
Use:
The bruised seeds of White Lupine, after soaking in water, are sometimes used as an external application to ulcers, etc., and internally are said to be anthelmintic, diuretic and emmenagogue.