1. Fig. 8.26 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Third neuron in pathway Thalamus Cerebrum Receptor First neuron in pathway Dorsal column Spinal cord Medulla oblongata Second neuron in pathway Pons Midbrain

2. Fig. 8.27 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Head Primary motor cortex Premotor area Prefrontal area Motor speech area (Broca area) Primary auditory cortex Auditory association area Lateral view Upper limb Lower limb Trunk Central sulcus Primary somatic sensory cortex Somatic sensory association area Sensory speech area (Wernicke area) Visual cortex Visual association area Taste area (beneath surface in insula)

3. Fig. 9.1 SENSES Receptors distributed over a large part of the body General sensesSpecial senses Located in skin, muscles, jointsLocated in internal organs VisceralSomatic Pressure Touch Pain Temperature Proprioception Pressure Pain Smell Taste Sight Hearing Balance Receptors localized within specific organs Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4. Fig. 9.2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hair Meissner corpuscles (involved in fine, discriminative touch) Ruffini end organ (detects continuous touch or pressure) Pacinian corpuscle (detects deep pressure, vibration, and position) Hair follicle receptor (detects light touch) Merkel disks (detect light touch and superficial pressure) Free nerve endings (respond to painful stimuli, temperature, itch or movement) Dermis Epidermis

5. Fig. 8.18 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 2 3 4 Quadriceps femoris muscle (extensor) Sensory receptors in the muscle detect stretch of the muscle. Sensory neurons synapse with motor neurons. Descending neurons (black) within the spinal cord also synapse with the neurons of the stretch reflex and modulate their activity. 1 3 Sensory receptor Sensory neuron Patellar tendon Hammer tap Patellar ligament From brain To brain Motor neuron Flexor muscles Neuromuscular junction Knee-jerk reflex Sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord. Stimulation of the motor neurons causes the muscle to contract and resist being stretched. 2 4

6. Fig. 9.2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hair Meissner corpuscles (involved in fine, discriminative touch) Ruffini end organ (detects continuous touch or pressure) Pacinian corpuscle (detects deep pressure, vibration, and position) Hair follicle receptor (detects light touch) Merkel disks (detect light touch and superficial pressure) Free nerve endings (respond to painful stimuli, temperature, itch or movement) Dermis Epidermis

7. Fig. 9.3 Esophagus Kidney Appendix Ureter Colon Stomach Heart Urinary bladder Liver and gallbladder Liver and gallbladder Lungs and diaphragm Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

8. Fig. 9.4 Cilia Olfactory bulb Foramen Olfactory nerve Axon Palate Nasopharynx Interneurons Olfactory tract Cribriform plate Connective tissue Olfactory epithelium Mucous layer on epithelial surface Olfactory neuron Dendrite Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Nasal cavity Fibers of olfactory nerve Frontal bone Olfactorybulb Olfactory tract Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) (b)

9. Fig. 8.37 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Olfactory tract Optic chiasm Pituitary gland Mammillary body Pons Oculomotor nerve (III) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Vagus nerve (X) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Anterior Olfactory bulb (olfactory nerves [I] enter bulb) Optic nerve (II) Trochlear nerve (IV) Trigeminal nerve (V) Abducens nerve (VI) Facial nerve (VII) Accessory nerve (XI) Posterior Inferior view Medulla oblongata

10. Fig. 8.27 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Head Primary motor cortex Premotor area Prefrontal area Motor speech area (Broca area) Primary auditory cortex Auditory association area Lateral view Upper limb Lower limb Trunk Central sulcus Primary somatic sensory cortex Somatic sensory association area Sensory speech area (Wernicke area) Visual cortex Visual association area Taste area (beneath surface in insula)

11. Fig. 9.5 Epiglottis Palatine tonsil Papillae Papilla Epithelium Taste pore (a) (b) (c) Taste bud Supporting cell Taste cell Taste hair Nerve fiber of sensory neuron Root of tongue Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

12. Fig. 8.37 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Olfactory tract Optic chiasm Pituitary gland Mammillary body Pons Oculomotor nerve (III) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Vagus nerve (X) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Anterior Olfactory bulb (olfactory nerves [I] enter bulb) Optic nerve (II) Trochlear nerve (IV) Trigeminal nerve (V) Abducens nerve (VI) Facial nerve (VII) Accessory nerve (XI) Posterior Inferior view Medulla oblongata

13. Fig. 9.6 Taste area of cortex Chorda tympani Vagus nerve (X) Foramen magnum Facial nerve (VII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Thalamus V VII IX X Nucleus of tractus solitarius Trigeminal nerve (V) (lingual branch) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

14. Fig. 9.17 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Auricle Cochlear nerve Vestibule Cochlea Round window Auditory tube MalleusIncusStapes External earInner ear Frontal Section Vestibulocochlear nerve Semicircular canals Oval window Tympanic membrane Chorda tympani External auditory canal Temporal bone Auditory ossicles in the middle ear Middle ear Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

15. Hair cell (a)(b) (c) (d) Otoliths Gelatinous mass Microvilli Nerve fibers of vestibular nerve Supporting cells Part of macula Utricular macula Saccular macula Vestibule Utricle Saccule Fig. 9.21 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. ©Susumu Nishinag/Science Source

16. Fig. 9.22 Gelatinous mass Hair cell Macula (a)(b) Endolymph in utricle Supporting cell Vestibular nerve fibers Force of gravity Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. (all): ©Trent Stephens

17. Fig. 9.17 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Auricle Cochlear nerve Vestibule Cochlea Round window Auditory tube MalleusIncusStapes External earInner ear Frontal Section Vestibulocochlear nerve Semicircular canals Oval window Tympanic membrane Chorda tympani External auditory canal Temporal bone Auditory ossicles in the middle ear Middle ear Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

18. Fig. 9.23 Ampullae Cupula (a) (b)(c) Vestibular nerve Microvilli Hair cell Crista ampullaris Nerve fibers to vestibular nerve Semicircular canals Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

19. Fig. 9.24 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. ©Julie Jacobson/AP Images (a) Cupula Hair cell (b) Endolymph causes movement of cupula. Endolymph in semicircular canal Crista ampullaris Movement of semicircular canal with body movement

20. Fig. 9.17 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Auricle Cochlear nerve Vestibule Cochlea Round window Auditory tube MalleusIncusStapes External earInner ear Frontal Section Vestibulocochlear nerve Semicircular canals Oval window Tympanic membrane Chorda tympani External auditory canal Temporal bone Auditory ossicles in the middle ear Middle ear Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

21. Fig. 9.18 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hair cell (b)(a) (c)(d) (e) Scalatympani (filled with perilymph) Spiral ligament Basilar membrane Cochlear duct (filled with endolymph) Tectorial membrane Scalavestibuli (filled with perilymph) Vestibular membrane Periosteum of bone (inner lining of bony labyrinth) Membranous labyrinth Spiral lamina Cochlearganglion Cochlear duct Basilar membrane Spiral ligament Spiral organ Supporting cells Hair cell Apex Round window Oval window Vestibule Cochlea Vestibular membrane Tectorial membrane Microvilli Cochlear nerve Spiral lamina Nerve endings of cochlear nerve Cochlear nerve Semicircular canals Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Courtesy of A. J. Hudspeth

22. Fig. 9.19 Incus 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Vibration of the tympanic membrane causes the malleus, the incus, and the stapes to vibrate. Vibration of the base of the stapes causes the perilymph in the scala vestibuli to vibrate. Vibration of the perilymph causes the vestibular membrane to vibrate, which causes vibrations in the endolymph. Vibration of the endolymph causes displacement of the basilar membrane. Short waves (high pitch) cause displacement of the basilar membrane near the oval window, and longer waves (low pitch) cause displacement of the basilar membrane some distance from the oval window. Movement of the basilar membrane is detected in the hair cells of the spiral organ, which are attached to the basilar membrane. Vibrations of the perilymph in the scala vestibuli and of the basilar membrane are transferred to the perilymph of the scala tympani. Vibrations in the perilymph of the scala tympani are transferred to the round window, where they are dampened. Sound waves strike the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate. The base of the stapes vibrates in the oval window. Auditory tube Round window External auditory canal Tympanic membrane Malleus Oval window Cochlear nerve Space between bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth (contains perilymph) Cochlear duct (contains endolymph) Membranous labyrinth Spiral organ Tectorial membrane Basilar membrane Vestibular membrane Scala vestibuli Scala tympani Stapes Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

23. Inferior colliculus Axons from the neurons in the cochlear nucleus project to other brainstem nuclei or to the inferior colliculus. Axons from the inferior colliculus project to the thalamus. Thalamic neurons project to the auditory cortex. Thalamus Frontal section Auditory cortex Other brainstem nucleus Nerve to stapedius Cochlear nucleus Vestibulocochlear nerve Cochlear ganglion Auditory cortex Sensory axons from the cochlear ganglion terminate in the cochlear nucleus in the brainstem. 1 2 3 4 3 4 2 2 1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 9.20

24. Fig. 9.7 Pupil Eyebrow Iris Lacrimal gland Orbicularis oculi muscle Loose connective tissue Eyebrow Orbicularis oculi muscle Conjunctiva of eyelid Conjunctiva over eye Sebaceous gland Connective tissue plate Eyelash Skin Cornea (a) (c) (b) Muscle to upper eyelid Superior rectus muscle Inferior rectus muscle Inferior oblique muscle Upper eyelid Lower eyelid Nasolacrimal duct Lacrimal ducts Lateral angle of eye Lower eyelid Upper eyelid Medial angle of eye Lacrimal canaliculi Lacrimal sac Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. ©McGraw-Hill Education/Eric Wise

25. Fig. 9.9 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lens Both filled with aqueous humor Vascular tunicCiliary body Choroid Pupil Posterior chamber Anterior chamber Suspensory ligaments Fibrous tunic Sclera Cornea Vitreous chamber (filled with vitreous humor) Vitreous humor Optic nerve Retina (nervous tunic) Iris

26. Fig. 9.14 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Macula Medial (a) (b) Optic disc Retinal vessels Fovea centralis Lateral ©Steve Allen/Getty Images RF

27. Fig. 9.15 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. FP Distant vision (a) Ciliary muscles in the ciliary body contract, moving ciliary body toward lens. FP (b) A A Ciliary muscles in the ciliary body are relaxed. Tension in suspensory ligaments is high. Lens flattened Near vision Tension in suspensory ligaments is low. Lens thickened

28. Fig. 9.10 Ciliary muscles of the ciliary body Suspensory ligaments Lens Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

29. Fig. 9.11 (a)(b) Radial smooth muscles Circular smooth muscles Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

30. Fig. 9.8 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. View Muscleto uppereyelid (cut) Superior rectus Superior oblique Optic nerve Inferior rectus Lateral rectus Inferior oblique Inferior

31. Fig. 9.12 Choroid Interneurons Optic nerve (a) Bipolar cell Horizontal cell Rod cell Cone cell (c) (d) (f) Opsin Retinal Rhodopsin Disc Outer membrane Disc Nuclei Axons Rod Cone (e) Rod Cone (b) Nerve fibers to optic nerve Direction of light Folding of outer membrane to form discs Ganglion cell Inner segment Outer segment Sensory retina Photoreceptor layer Pigmented retina Outside of disc membrane Inside of disc membrane Disc membrane Synaptic ending Direction of action potential propagation Pigment cell Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. ©Steve Gschmeissner/Science Source

32. Fig. 9.13 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. URINARY Urine production decreases in response to low blood volume; tissue damage to kidneys due to low blood flow. DIGESTIVE Tissue damage to intestinal lining and liver as a result of decreased blood flow; bacteria of intestines may cause systemic infection; liver releases blood-clotting factors in response to injury. 2 3 4 5 6 Retinal Opsin Retinal Rhodopsin Light Energy (ATP) Retinal 1 6 2 3 4 5 Rhodopsin is composed of opsin and retinal. Light causes retinal to change shape, which activates rhodopsin. Activated rhodopsin stimulates cell changes that result in vision. Following rhodopsin activation, retinal detaches from opsin. Energy from ATP is required to bring retinal back to its original form. Retinal recombines with opsin to form rhodopsin (return to step 1). Cell changes that result in vision 1

33. Fig. 9A (a)(b) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. (all): ©Prisma Bildagentur AG/Alamy

34. Fig. 9.16 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lens Visual cortex in each hemisphere Optic chiasm Optic tracts Thalamus 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 6 Each visual field is divided into temporal and nasal halves. After passing through the lens, light from each half of a visual field projects to the opposite side of the retina stimulating receptors. Axons from the retina pass through the optic nerve to the optic chiasma, where some cross. Axons from the nasal retina cross, and those from the temporal retina do not. Optic tracts extend from the optic chiasm (with or without crossing) to the thalamus. Collateral branches of the axons in the optic tract synapse in the superior colliculi of the midbrain. Optic radiations extend from the thalamus to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe. The right part of each visual field (dark green and light blue) projects to the left side of the brain, and the left part of each visual field (light green and dark blue) projects to the right side of the brain. Optic chiasm Optic tract Thalamus Optic radiation (b) (c) (a) Occipital lobe Optic radiations Optic nerves Temporal retina (lateral part) Left eye Temporal part of left visual field Nasal retina (medial part) Superior colliculi Temporal part of right visual field Nasal parts of visual fields Visual cortex Optic nerve Left monocular vision Binocular vision Right monocular vision Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. ©McGraw-Hill Education/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections