1. INTRODUCTION TO FINGERPRINTING Classification 1 PWISTA Forensics Conference

2. ARCH –On one side –___________ –Falls –Goes out the _________ side 2

3. WHORL –Ridge loops around 2 _________ 3

4. In Depth Classifying 8-TYPES Looking in depth, there are really 8 basic patterns. 4

5. LOOP-In Depth LOOP-the ridges flow inward and then “loops around” in the direction of the origin. A single_______ type divergence must be present in front of the looping ridges Radial Loop-Ridges flow from the loop toward the radius or thumb side of the hand (approximately _____ of all fingerprint patterns) Ulnar Loop-Friction ridges flow from and loops toward the ulna or little finger side of the hand, (Approximately ______ of all fingerprint patterns)“PU” 5 _________________ ________________

6. ARCH-In Depth ARCH-Ridges enter on one side of the impression and tend to flow out the other side with a rise in the center _______ Arch-Ridges enter, wave or rise and exit smoothly __________ Arch-Ridges in the center thrust upward to give an appearance similar to a tent. Inside angle is smaller than ______degrees Both types of arches comprise about 6% of all fingerprint patterns 6 Plain Arch Tented Arch

7. WHORL-In Depth WHORL-At least_______ delta type divergences are present with looping ridges in front of each. (whorls comprise approximately 29% of all fingerprint patterns) Plain Whorl - One or more ridges form a complete revolution around the center (_______deltas) Central Pocket Loop Whorl- Some ridges form a loop pattern which surrounds a _________whorl (____delta) 7 Plain Whorl Central Pocket Loop Whorl

8. Additional Types Double Loop-Two separate loops are present, which sometimes surround each other. Sometimes called ________ Loop Whorl (ying / yang) Accidental-Any pattern which does not conform to any of the previous patterns 8 Double Loop Accidental

9. BEYOND THE PATTERN FINGERPRINT INDIVIDUALIZATION

10. _________________BIFURCATION ___________ or ENCLOSURE ________________ INDEPENDENT RIDGE______________ BRIDGE or CROSSOVER 10

11. ________________ 11

12. SPUR 12

13. ________________ 13

14. BRIDGE or CROSSOVER 14

15. LAKE or ______________ 15

16. _______or ISLAND INDEPENDENT RIDGE 16

17. Just the presence of these __________ does not individualize a print It is the exact type of minutia as well as the minutia location that individualizes a print NO _____ _________ HAVE EVER BEEN FOUND TO HAVE THE SAME MINUTIA IN THE SAME PLACE Therefore, you can conclude if you are comparing two prints, and they do have the same markings in the same place you must be looking at the same print What next... 17

18. So how many correlations prove a match? It was in 1918 when Edmond Locard wrote that if ______ points (Galton's Details) were the same between two fingerprints, it would suffice as a positive identification. This is where the often quoted (12 points) originated. Be aware though, there is "NO" required number of points necessary for an identification. Some countries have set their own standards which do include a minimum number of points, but not in the United States. Most agencies intentionally vary the number of correlations to avoid a standard or pattern 18