1. 1 Personality Definition: An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Each dwarf has a distinct personality.

2. 2 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Culver Pictures My theory of personality is based on Psychoanalysis… that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts My view of personality proposes that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence one’s personality Psychoanalysis is a technique used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions Free Association in psychoanalysis is a method of exploring the unconscious. I get the person to relax and say whatever comes to their mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing! I think the Unconscious is a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories. However the contemporary viewpoint states that the unconscious is simply information processing of which we are unaware.

3. 3 Exploring the Unconscious A reservoir (unconscious mind) of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Freud asked patients to say whatever came to their minds (free association) in order to tap the unconscious. http://www.english.upenn.edu

4. 4 Dream Analysis Another method to analyze the unconscious mind is through interpreting manifest and latent contents of dreams. The Nightmare, Henry Fuseli (1791)

5. 5 the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality; mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality; operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. “The referee!” the part of personality that presents internalized ideals; provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations; “the angel”  contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy  strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives  operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification  “the lil’ devil”

6. 6 Id, Ego and Superego The Id unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. The ego functions as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and superego. The superego provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

7. 7  Freud divided the development of personality into five psychosexual stages.  Freud believed that personality formed during the first few years of life divided into psychosexual stages. During these stages the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas called erogenous zones. Oedipus Complex a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father Identification: the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos Fixation: a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved Libido => fuels sexual instincts of the ID

8. 8 (1875-1961) Archive of the History of American Psychology/ University of Akron Jung believed in the collective unconscious, which contained a common reservoir of images derived from our species’ past. This is why many cultures share certain myths and images such as the mother being a symbol of nurturance. ARCHETYPES – specific examples of images/ ideas…KING PERSONA – public self ANIMA – female aspects of male personality “metro” ANIMUS – male aspects of female personality “tom boy”

9. 9 (1870-1937) National Library of Medicine Importance of childhood is social tension (not sexual like Freud believes). Most of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority, feelings that trigger our strivings for superiority and power. I believe in “INFERIORITY COMPLEX!” Social not Sexual! Fixation on feelings of inferiority complex => emotional/ social paralysis

10. 10 (1885-1952) The Bettmann Archive/ Corbis Like Adler, Horney believed in the social aspects of childhood growth and development. She countered Freud’s assumption that women have weak superegos and suffer from “penis envy.” “I Sought to balance Freud’s masculine biases…that women are infantile and emotional creatures and as such incapable of responsibility and independence is the work of the masculine tendency to lower women’s self-respect” Social, not sexual. ENVIRONMENT shapes personality!

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12. 12 Rorschach Inkblot Test –the most widely used projective test –a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach –seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots –maybe used as an icebreaker or to supplement other information Lew Merrim/ Photo Researcher, Inc.

13. 13 Projective Tests: Criticisms Critics argue that projective tests lack both reliability (consistency of results) and validity (predicting what it is supposed to). 1.When evaluating the same patient, even trained raters come up with different interpretations (reliability). 2.Projective tests may misdiagnose a normal individual as pathological (validity).

14. 14 An individual’s unique constellation of durable dispositions and consistent ways of behaving (traits) constitutes his or her personality. Examples of Traits Honest Dependable Moody Impulsive Allport & Odbert (1936), identified 18,000 words representing traits. interviewed Freud; did what HE did NOT do… described personality in terms of fundamental TRAITS! a characteristic pattern of behavior a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports ***DID NOT explain the traits, rather just described them

15. 15 Personality Type Personality types, assessed by measures such as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, consist of a number of traits. For example, a feeling type personality is sympathetic, appreciative, and tactful. More research is needed on this popular test’s validity. Sympathetic Appreciative Tactful Feeling Type Personality

16. 16 Factor analysis is a statistical approach used to describe and relate personality traits. Cattell used this approach to develop a 16 Personality Factor (16PF) inventory. Raymond Cattell (1905-1998)

17. 17 Factor Analysis Cattell found that large groups of traits could be reduced down to 16 core personality traits based on statistical correlations. Impulsive Excitement Impatient Irritable Boisterous Basic trait Superficial traits

18. 18 Personality Dimensions Hans and Sybil Eysenck suggested that personality could be reduced down to two polar dimensions, extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability. Most researchers believe their dimensions don’t tell the whole story, thus laying the groundwork for the “BIG 5.” **genetically influenced dimensions Used all around the world! =>

19. 19 The Big Five Factors -Endpoints Neuroticism (emotional stability vs instability)

20. 20 Personality Inventory –a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors –used to assess selected personality traits –does NOT reveal hidden personality traits (like projective tests) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) (HATHAWAY) the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use) now used for many other screening purposes Empirically Derived Test a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups such as the MMPI

21. 21 Humanistic Perspective By the 1960s, psychologists became discontent with Freud’s negativity and the mechanistic psychology of the behaviorists. Myself and Carl Rogers believe that personality is based on the personal growth of healthy people. We look through the person’s eyes (not the researchers!) Problem centered, rather than self-centered!

22. 22 Self-Actualization –the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved –the motivation to fulfill one’s potential http://www.ship.edu Ted Polumbaum/ Time Pix/ Getty Images

23. 23 Michael Rougier/ Life Magazine © Time Warner, Inc. Carl Rogers (1902-1987) focused on growth and fulfillment of individuals genuineness Acceptance growth promoting climate required empathy an attitude of total acceptance toward another person=> nurtures growth in ALL human relationships! Self-Concept all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, “Who am I?” **positive breeds positive self esteem **negative => fall short of “ideal self”

24. 24 Individualism giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications Collectivism giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly

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26. 26 Assessing the Self All of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, “Who am I?” refers to Self-Concept. In an effort to assess personality, Rogers asked people to describe themselves as they would like to be (ideal) and as they actually are (real). If the two descriptions were close the individual had a positive self-concept.

27. 27 Social-Cognitive Perspective Albert Bandura “The Social-Cognitive Perspective RULES!I view behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context! In other words..the importance of external events and how we interpret them. Did you know… …I define Reciprocal Determinism as the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors!”

28. 28 Bandura called the process of interacting with our environment reciprocal determinism. The three factors, behavior, cognition, and environment, are interlocking determinants of each other. Stephen Wade/ Allsport/ Getty Images The Social Cognitive Perspective proposes that our personalities are shaped by the interaction of personal / cognitive factors (our thoughts and feelings), our environment, and our behaviors. The influences are mutual!

29. 29 We will be so lucky if we win this game! Locus of Control (Rotter) -people evaluate situations as either internally or externally controlled Internal Locus -you control your own fate -hard work, skill will pay off External Locus -not in control of your own fate -determined by chance, luck, & others I’m going to win this game for my team!

30. 30 Personal Control External locus of control refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate. Internal locus of control refers to the perception that we can control our own fate. Social-cognitive psychologists emphasize our sense of personal control, whether we control the environment or the environment controls us.

31. 31 Learned Helplessness  the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events  Can be the blame/ cause for “sports curses” Can be the blame/ cause for “sports curses”

32. 32 Behavior - BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL Behavior emerges from an interplay of external and internal influences.