2. Energy Balance and Body Composition Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Studying = 1 or 2 kcalories/minute

3. Energy Balance Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

4. Food Composition Bomb calorimeter Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

5. Food Composition Direct calorimetry vs. indirect calorimetry Physiological fuel value Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

6. Food Intake Hunger Appetite Satiation Satiety Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

7. Food Intake Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

8. Food Intake Overriding hunger and satiety –Stress eating Sustaining satiation and satiety –satiating Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

9. Sustaining satiation and satiety –lower-fat foods can be eaten in larger portions for the same number of kcalories Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Food Intake

10. Hypothalamus –Neuropeptide Y Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

11. Thermogenesis Basal thermogenesis Exercise-induced thermogenesis Diet-induced thermogenesis Adaptive thermogenesis Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

12. Components of Energy Expenditure Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

13. Components of Energy Expenditure Basal metabolism Basal metabolic rate (BMR) Resting metabolic rate (RMR) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

15. Components of Energy Expenditure Physical activity Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

18. Components of Energy Expenditure Thermic effect of food (TEF) Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

19. Estimating Energy Requirements Gender Growth Age Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

20. Estimating Energy Requirements Physical activity Body composition Body size Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

21. Body Weight, Body Composition, and Health Body composition Body weight = fat + lean tissue (including water) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

22. Defining Healthy Body Weight Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning The criterion of fashion: BMI of Miss America

23. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

25. Defining Healthy Body Weight The criterion of health Body mass index (BMI) =weight (kg)/height (m) 2 Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

26. BMI Values Used to Assess Weight

27. Distribution of Body Weights in U.S. Adults Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

28. Body Fat and Its Distribution Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

29. Body Fat and Its Distribution Some people need less body fat Some people need more body fat Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

30. Body Fat and Its Distribution Fat distribution –Intra-abdominal fat –Central obesity Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

32. Body Fat and Its Distribution Waist circumference Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

33. Body Fat and Its Distribution Other measures of body composition –Fatfold measure –Hydrodensitometry –Bioelectrical impedance Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

34. Body Fat and Its Distribution Other measures of body composition –Air displacement plethysmography –Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

35. Methods Used to Assess Body Fat

36. Health Risks Associated With Body Weight and Body Fat Health risks of underweight Health risks of overweight Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

37. BMI and Mortality

38. Health Risks Associated With Body Weight and Body Fat Cardiovascular disease Diabetes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

39. Cancer Fat and fit versus sedentary and slim Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

40. The Latest and Greatest Weight-Loss Diet - Again The claims and truths of diet fads Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

43. The Latest and Greatest Weight-Loss Diet - Again High-protein, low carbohydrate diets –The diet’s appeal Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

44. The Latest and Greatest Weight-Loss Diet - Again High-protein, low carbohydrate diets –Don’t count kcalories –Satisfy hunger –Follow a plan –Limit choices Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

45. The Latest and Greatest Weight-Loss Diet - Again High-protein, low carbohydrate diets –Too much fat –Too much protein –Too little everything else –The body’s perspective Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

48. Weight Management Overweight and Underweight Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

50. Increasing prevalence of obesity (BMI of 30 or greater) among U.S. adults

51. Fat Cell Development Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

52. Fat Cell Metabolism Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) Set-point theory Hyperplastic obesity Hypertrophic obesity Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

53. Causes of Obesity Genetics –Leptin –Ghrelin –PYY Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

54. Causes of Obesity Genetics –Uncoupling proteins White body fat Brown body fat Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

55. Causes of Obesity Environment –Gene pool –Overeating –Physical inactivity Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

56. Health Risks Overweight in good health Obese or overweight with risk factors Obese or overweight with life- threatening-condition Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

57. Perceptions And Prejudices Social consequences Psychological problems Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

58. The Psychology of Weight Cycling

59. Dangerous Interventions Fad diets Over-the-counter drugs –Benzocaine –Phenylpropanolamine Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

60. Dangerous Interventions Herbal products and dietary supplements –St. John’s wort Serotonin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

63. Dangerous Interventions Other gimmicks –Cellulite Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

64. Aggressive Treatments Of Obesity Clinically severe obesity Drugs –Sibutramine –orlistat Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

65. Surgical Procedures Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

66. Weight-Loss Strategies Reasonable goals vs. expectations Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

67. Weight-Loss Strategies Eating plans –Be realistic about energy intake –Emphasize nutritional adequacy –Eat small portions –Lower energy density –Remember water –Focus on complex carbohydrates –Choose fats sensibly –Watch for empty kcalories Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

68. Weight-Loss Strategies Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

69. Weight-Loss Strategies Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Food guide pyramid for a 1600-kcalorie diet

70. Energy Density Selecting grapes with their high water content instead of raisins increases the volume and decreases the energy intake Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

71. Energy Density Even at the same weight and similar serving sizes, the fiber-rich broccoli delivers twice the fiber of the potatoes for about one-fourth the energy. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

72. Energy Density By selecting the low-fat version, a person can enjoy the same amount of tuna for fewer calories. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

73. Energy Density Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

74. Weight-Loss Strategies Physical activity –Activity and energy expenditure –Activity and metabolism –Activity and body composition –Activity and appetite control –Activity and psychological benefits –Choosing activities –Spot reducing Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

75. Weight-Loss Strategies Physical activity –Activity and energy expenditure –Activity and metabolism –Activity and body composition –Activity and appetite control –Activity and psychological benefits –Choosing activities –Spot reducing Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

76. Weight-Loss Strategies Behavior and attitude –Behavior modification –Become aware of behaviors –Change behaviors –Personal attitude –Support groups Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

77. Weight-Loss Strategies Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

78. Weight-Loss Strategies Weight maintenance Prevention Public health programs Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

79. Weight-Loss Strategies Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

80. Weight-Loss Strategies Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

81. Underweight Problems of underweight Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

82. Underweight Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

83. Food guide pyramid for a 2800-kilocalorie diet

84. Eating Disorders The female athlete triad Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

85. Eating Disorders Other dangerous practices of athletes –Muscle dysmorphia Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

86. Eating Disorders Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

87. Eating Disorders Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

88. Anorexia Nervosa Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

89. Anorexia Nervosa Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

90. Bulimia Nervosa Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

91. Bulimia Nervosa Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

92. Bulimia Nervosa Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

93. Bulimia Nervosa Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

94. Bulimia Nervosa Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

95. Eating Disorders Binge-eating disorder Eating disorders in society Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

97. Fitness Physical Activity, Nutrients, And Body Adaptations Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

98. Fitness Sedentary Physical activity –Exercise Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

99. Benefits Of Fitness Restful sleep Nutritional health Optimal body composition Optimal bone density Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

100. Benefits Of Fitness Resistance to colds and other infectious diseases Low risks of some types of cancers Strong circulation and lung function Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

101. Benefits Of Fitness Low risk of cardiovascular disease Low risk of type 2 diabetes Reduced risk of gallbladder disease in women Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

102. Benefits Of Fitness Low incidence and severity of anxiety and depression Strong self-image Long life and high quality of life in the later years Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

103. Physical Activity Pyramid

104. Developing Fitness Guidelines for physical fitness –Type of activity –Frequency –Intensity –Duration Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

106. Developing Fitness Flexibility Muscle strength and endurance Cardiorespiratory endurance Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

107. Developing Fitness Conditioning –Training Overload principle Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

108. Developing Fitness Body’s response to physical activity –Hypertrophy vs. atrophy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

109. Developing Fitness Exercise –Warm-up and cool-down –Cautions on starting Weight training Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

110. Cardiorespiratory Endurance Aerobic activity –VO 2 max Cardiorespiratory conditioning –Cardiac output Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

111. Cardiorespiratory Endurance Muscle conditioning Balanced fitness program Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

112. Delivery Of Oxygen To Muscles Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

114. The Energy Systems Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

115. Anaerobic exercise Aerobic exercise

116. Glucose Use Diet affects glycogen storage and use Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

117. Glucose Use Intensity of activity affects glycogen use Lactic acid Duration of activity affects glycogen use Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

118. Glucose Use Glucose depletion –Carbohydrate loading Glucose during activity Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

119. Glucose Use Glucose after activity Training affects glycogen use Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

120. Fat Use Recommendations for endurance athletes –20% - 30% of energy intake from fat Dietary fat vs. body fat stores Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

121. Fat Use Duration of activity affects fat use Intensity of activity affects fat use Training affects fat use Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

122. Protein Use Protein used in muscle building Protein used as fuel Diet affects protein use during activity Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

123. Protein Use Intensity and duration of activity affect protein use during activity Training affects protein use Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

124. Protein Use Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

125. Vitamins And Minerals Supplements Vitamin E Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

126. Vitamins And Minerals Iron –Iron deficiency Iron-deficiency anemia –Sports anemia –Iron recommendations for athletes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

127. Fluids And Electrolytes Fluid losses via sweat Hyperthermia –Heat stroke Hypothermia Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

128. Fluids And Electrolytes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

129. Fluids And Electrolytes Electrolyte losses and replacement Hyponatremia Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

130. Fluids And Electrolytes Poor beverage choices –Caffeine –Alcohol Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

131. Choosing A Diet Water Nutrient density Carbohydrate Protein Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

132. Choosing A Diet Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

133. Choosing A Diet Pregame meals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

134. Choosing A Diet Postgame meals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

135. Supplements Ergogenic aids Protein powders Amino acid supplements Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

136. Supplements Ergogenic aids Protein powders Amino acid supplements Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

137. Supplements Carnitine Chromium picolinate Complete nutrition supplements Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

138. Supplements Creatine Caffeine Oxygenated water Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

141. Supplements DHEA and androstenedione Human growth hormone = hGH Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning