1. Classification

2. Similar or different?

4. Need for classification Similarities and differences

5. Classification

6. How to classify? Animals and plant – not all fit into these categories Taxonomy is the science of describing, classifying and naming living things 1700s Carolus Linnaeus tried to classify all living things based on their shape and structure He described a seven level system of classification – Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

7. How to classify?

9. Scientific names Scientific naming (binomial nomenclature) Latin or Greek origin Derived from names of genus and species Italicized or underlined – Asian elephant Elephas maximus – Humans Homo sapiens

10. Dichotomous keys Taxonomists have developed special guides to identify organisms A dichotomous key is an identification aid that uses sequential pairs of descriptive statements. There are only two alternative responses for each statement From each pair of statements, the person trying to identify the organism chooses the statement that describes the organism Either the chosen statement identifies the organism or the person is directed to another pair of statements By working through the statements in the key in order, the person can eventually identify the organism

11. Dichotomous keys

12. How taxonomy works? Study characteristics Which level do they match? Is there a designated level with these characteristics? If yes, place in that. If no, make a new one

13. The six kingdoms

14. How to classify? Organisms are classified by their characteristics For example, organisms of the genus Euglena are – single celled and live in pond water – green and make their own food through photosynthesis These two characteristics might lead you to conclude that the genus of Euglena are plants However, you should consider the following other characteristics before you form your conclusion – Members of the genus Euglena move by whipping their flagella. – Euglena can feed on other organisms.

15. How to classify? An animal or a plant? Does not fit in any of these Placed in kingdom Protista

16. Kingdom Archaebacteria Also called as Archaea Prokaryotic cells Usually live in extreme environments Extremes of temperature, pressure, pH, salinity

17. Kingdom Archaebacteria

18. Kingdom Eubacteria Bacteria which are not included in Archaea are in kingdom Eubacteria Prokaryotes Live in soil, air, water, on and inside human body Escherichia coli lives in intestine – produce vitamin K Some bacteria are useful (yoghurt, cheese production) Some are hazardous (cause diseases)

19. Kingdom Protista Single or multicellular organisms that don't fit into any other kingdom Members of the kingdom Protista are called Protists Contains eukaryotes that are not animals, plants or fungi Animal-like protists are called as Protozoa (Amoeba) Plant-like protoists are called algae (green algae) Fungi-like protists are called as slime molds

20. Kingdom Fungi Multicellular eukaryotes, have cell wall Do not perform photosynthesis – decomposers (heterotrophs) Molds and mushrooms Some are edible others are poisonous

21. Kingdom Plantae Multicellular, eukaryotes, have cell wall, photosynthetic (autotrophs) Green (chlorophyll) or other colored pigments Found on land and water where light is available Global producers Provide oxygen, habitat

22. Kingdom Plantae

23. Kingdom Animalia Members commonly known as animals Eukaryotes, complex multicellular, without cell wall Depend on other organisms for food (heterotrophs) Generally motile, sense organs

24. Kingdom Animalia

25. Some animals are very simple Worms, insects, corals Sponges were considered to be plants But they cannot make their food They are simple animals