1. A. What Is a Protist? B. Evolution of Protists C. Classification of Protists 20–1 The Kingdom Protista

2. What is a protist? Eukaryotes that are not members of the kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, or Fungi. Eukaryotes that are not members of the kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, or Fungi. Diverse and usually unicellular. Diverse and usually unicellular. Believed to have evolved from a symbiosis of cells. Believed to have evolved from a symbiosis of cells.

3. are classified by which include which Protists Animal-like Funguslike Plantlike Parasites Take in food from the environment Produce food by photosynthesis Obtain food by external digestion Decomposers

4. A. Zooflagellates B. Sarcodines C. Ciliates 1.Internal Anatomy 2.Conjugation D. Sporozoans E. Animal-like Protists and Disease 1.Malaria 2.Other Protistan Diseases F. Ecology of Animal-like Protists 20–2 Animal-like Protists: Protozoans

5. What are the distinguishing features of the major phyla of animal like protists? Animal like protists that swim using flagella are classified in the phylum Zoomastigina and are often referred to as zooflagellates. Animal like protists that swim using flagella are classified in the phylum Zoomastigina and are often referred to as zooflagellates. Absorb food through their cell membranes. Absorb food through their cell membranes. Sexual and asexual reproduction. Sexual and asexual reproduction. Trichomonas

6. What are the distinguishing features of the major phyla of animal like protists? Animal like protists that use pseudopods for feeding and movement classified in the phylum Sarcodina as sarcodines. Animal like protists that use pseudopods for feeding and movement classified in the phylum Sarcodina as sarcodines. Pseudopods are temporary cytoplasmic projections. The cytoplasm of the cell streams into the pseudopod and the rest of the cell follows – amoeboid movement. Pseudopods are temporary cytoplasmic projections. The cytoplasm of the cell streams into the pseudopod and the rest of the cell follows – amoeboid movement. Capture and digest food with their pseudopodia by surrounding it and forming a food vacuole. Capture and digest food with their pseudopodia by surrounding it and forming a food vacuole. Other members include foraminiferans and heliozoans. Other members include foraminiferans and heliozoans.

7. Food vacuole Nucleus Contractile vacuole Pseudopods Foraminifera Amoeba

8. What are the distinguishing features of the major phyla of animal like protists? Animal like protists that use cilia for feeding and movement classified in the phylum Ciliophora and are know as ciliates. Animal like protists that use cilia for feeding and movement classified in the phylum Ciliophora and are know as ciliates. Can contain trichocysts (small bottle shaped structures used for defense) that shoot out. Can contain trichocysts (small bottle shaped structures used for defense) that shoot out. Two types of nuclei: macronucleus (working library of genetic information), micronucleus (reserve copy of genes). Two types of nuclei: macronucleus (working library of genetic information), micronucleus (reserve copy of genes). Gullet is used to trap and force food into the food vacuoles. Waste materials leave via the anal pore. Gullet is used to trap and force food into the food vacuoles. Waste materials leave via the anal pore. Contractile vacuoles are cavities in the cytoplasm that are specialized to collect water. One of the ways it maintains homeostasis! Contractile vacuoles are cavities in the cytoplasm that are specialized to collect water. One of the ways it maintains homeostasis!

9. StentorParamecia

10. What are the distinguishing features of the major phyla of animal like protists? Members of the phylum Sporozoa do not move on their own and are parasitic. Members of the phylum Sporozoa do not move on their own and are parasitic. Can cause serious diseases, including malaria and African sleeping sickness. Can cause serious diseases, including malaria and African sleeping sickness. Malaria is caused by the sporozoan Plasmodium. Malaria is caused by the sporozoan Plasmodium.

11. Plasmodium

12. The Life Cycle of Plasmodium

13. Macronucleus Micronucleus Conjugation MEIOSIS Exchange of micronuclei Macronuclei disintegrate New macronuclei form Genetically identical paramecium form During conjugation, two paramecia attach themselves to each other and exchange genetic information. The process is not reproduction because no new individuals are formed. Conjugation is a sexual process, however, and it results in an increase in genetic diversity.

14. A.Chlorophyll and Accessory Pigments B.Euglenophytes C.Chrysophytes D.Diatoms E.Dinoflagellates F. Ecology of Unicellular Algae Algal Blooms 20–3 Plantlike Protists: Unicellular Algae

15. What is the function of chlorophyll and accessory pigments in algae? Chlorophyll and accessory pigments allow algae to harvest and use the energy from sunlight. Chlorophyll and accessory pigments allow algae to harvest and use the energy from sunlight.

16. What are the distinguishing features of the major phyla of unicellular algae? Euglenophytes are plantlike protists that have two flagella but no cell wall. Euglenophytes are plantlike protists that have two flagella but no cell wall. The eyespot helps the organism find sunlight to power photosynthesis. The eyespot helps the organism find sunlight to power photosynthesis. No cell walls, but they do have an intricate cell membrane called a pellicle…very tough and flexible. No cell walls, but they do have an intricate cell membrane called a pellicle…very tough and flexible. Reproduce asexually by binary fission. Reproduce asexually by binary fission.

17. Gullet Euglena

18. What are the distinguishing features of the major phyla of unicellular algae? Members of the phylum Chrysophyta are a diverse group of plantlike protists that have gold colored chloroplasts. Members of the phylum Chrysophyta are a diverse group of plantlike protists that have gold colored chloroplasts. Included yellow green and golden brown algae. Included yellow green and golden brown algae. Store food in the form of oil instead of carbs. Store food in the form of oil instead of carbs. Asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual and sexual reproduction.

19. Thallasiosira

20. What are the distinguishing features of the major phyla of unicellular algae? Members of the phylum Bacillariophyta, or diatoms, produce thin, delicate cell walls rich in silicone (which is the main component of glass). Members of the phylum Bacillariophyta, or diatoms, produce thin, delicate cell walls rich in silicone (which is the main component of glass).

21. What are the distinguishing features of the major phyla of unicellular algae? Members of the phylum Pyrrophyta are known as dinoflagellates. About half are photosynthetic, the other half live as heterotrophs. Members of the phylum Pyrrophyta are known as dinoflagellates. About half are photosynthetic, the other half live as heterotrophs. Usually have two flagella. Usually have two flagella. Reproduce asexually by binary fission. Reproduce asexually by binary fission. When agitated, will glow. When agitated, will glow.

22. More… Found in salt and fresh water. Found in salt and fresh water. Make up a considerable amount of phytoplankton that is the basis of some food chains/webs. Make up a considerable amount of phytoplankton that is the basis of some food chains/webs.

23. A. Red Algae B. Brown Algae C. Green Algae 1.Unicellular Green Algae 2.Colonial Green Algae 3.Multicellular Green Algae D. Reproduction in Green Algae 1.Reproduction in Chlamydomonas 2.Reproduction in Ulva E. Human Uses of Algae 20–4 Plantlike Protists: Red, Brown, and Green Algae

24. What are the distinguishing features of the major phyla of multicellular algae? Red algae (phylum Rhodophyta) are able to live at great depths due to their efficiency in harvesting light energy. Red algae contain chlorophyll a and reddish accessory pigments called phycobilins (these are especially good at absorbing blue light!). Red algae (phylum Rhodophyta) are able to live at great depths due to their efficiency in harvesting light energy. Red algae contain chlorophyll a and reddish accessory pigments called phycobilins (these are especially good at absorbing blue light!). Multicellular, complex life cycles, lack flagella and centrioles. Multicellular, complex life cycles, lack flagella and centrioles.

25. What are the distinguishing features of the major phyla of multicellular algae? Brown algae (phylum Phaeophyta) contain chlorophyll a and c, as well as a brown accessory pigment, fucoxanthin. Brown algae (phylum Phaeophyta) contain chlorophyll a and c, as well as a brown accessory pigment, fucoxanthin. Mostly marine (giant kelp, Sargassum) Mostly marine (giant kelp, Sargassum) Giant kelp Sargassum

26. What are the distinguishing features of the major phyla of multicellular algae? Green algae (phylum Chlorophyta) share many characteristics with plants, including their photosynthetic pigments and cell wall composition. Green algae (phylum Chlorophyta) share many characteristics with plants, including their photosynthetic pigments and cell wall composition. Have cellulose in their cell walls, store food in the form of starch just like land plants. Have cellulose in their cell walls, store food in the form of starch just like land plants. Chlamydomonas are single celled, grow in ponds/ditches/wet soil, have two flagella and a single chloroplast, lacks large vacuoles but has two small contractile vacuoles. Chlamydomonas are single celled, grow in ponds/ditches/wet soil, have two flagella and a single chloroplast, lacks large vacuoles but has two small contractile vacuoles. Colonial green algae are multicellular, can form long threadlike colonies called filaments, no specialized cell types. Colonial green algae are multicellular, can form long threadlike colonies called filaments, no specialized cell types. Multicellular green algae, has specialized cell types. Multicellular green algae, has specialized cell types.

27. Ulva Chlamydomonas Spirogyra

29. A. Slime Molds 1.Cellular Slime Molds 2.Acellular Slime Molds B. Water Molds C. Ecology of Funguslike Protists D. Water Molds and the Potato Famine 20–5 Funguslike Protists

30. What are the similarities and the differences between funguslike protists and fungi? Like fungi, the funguslike protists are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter. But unlike most true fungi, funguslike protists have centrioles. They also lack the chitin cell walls of true fungi. Like fungi, the funguslike protists are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter. But unlike most true fungi, funguslike protists have centrioles. They also lack the chitin cell walls of true fungi.

31. What are the defining characteristics of the slime molds and water molds? Slime molds are funguslike protists that play key roles in recycling organic material. Slime molds are funguslike protists that play key roles in recycling organic material. Cellular slime mold (phylum Acrasiomycota) cells are separated by cell membranes during every phase of its life cycle, produces fruiting bodies during times when food is scarce (produces spores). Cellular slime mold (phylum Acrasiomycota) cells are separated by cell membranes during every phase of its life cycle, produces fruiting bodies during times when food is scarce (produces spores).

32. What are the defining characteristics of the slime molds and water molds? Acellular slime molds (phylum Myxomycota) have structures known as plasmodia that fuse to produce structures with many nuclei. Acellular slime molds (phylum Myxomycota) have structures known as plasmodia that fuse to produce structures with many nuclei. Sporangia eventually spring up from the plasmodia. Sporangia eventually spring up from the plasmodia.

33. What are the defining characteristics of the slime molds and water molds? Oomycetes (phylum Oomycota) thrive on dead or decaying organic matter in water and some are plant parasites on land. Oomycetes (phylum Oomycota) thrive on dead or decaying organic matter in water and some are plant parasites on land. Form filaments called hyphae that may develop into zoosporangia (open spore cases). Form filaments called hyphae that may develop into zoosporangia (open spore cases). Sexual and asexual (zoosporangia) reproduction. Sexual and asexual (zoosporangia) reproduction. For sexual reproduction the antheridium produces male nuclei and the oogonium produces female nuclei. For sexual reproduction the antheridium produces male nuclei and the oogonium produces female nuclei. Responsible for the Great Irish Potato Famine that caused many deaths and many of the Irish to emigrate from Ireland. Responsible for the Great Irish Potato Famine that caused many deaths and many of the Irish to emigrate from Ireland.

34. A. What Are Fungi? B. Structure and Function of Fungi C. Reproduction in Fungi D. How Fungi Spread 21–1 The Kingdom Fungi

35. What are the defining characteristics of fungi? Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls made of chitin. Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls made of chitin. They digest food outside of their body and absorb it. They digest food outside of their body and absorb it.

36. What is the internal structure of a fungus? The bodies of multicellular fungi are composed on many hyphae tangled together into a thick mass called a mycelium. The bodies of multicellular fungi are composed on many hyphae tangled together into a thick mass called a mycelium. The fruiting body is a reproductive structure growing from the mycelium in the soil beneath it. The fruiting body is a reproductive structure growing from the mycelium in the soil beneath it.

37. Hyphae Without Cross Walls Nuclei Cell wall Nuclei Cytoplasm Cross wall Cell wall Cytoplasm Hyphae With Cross Walls Hyphae Structure Most fungi are made up of filaments called hyphae. In some fungi, the hyphae are divided by cross walls. In other fungi, the hyphae lack cross walls and contain many nuclei.

38. Mycelium Fruiting body Hyphae The Structure of a Mushroom

39. How do fungi reproduce? Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually. Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually. Some produce spores in structures called sporangia. These sporangia are found at the tips of specialized hyphae called sporangiophores. Some produce spores in structures called sporangia. These sporangia are found at the tips of specialized hyphae called sporangiophores.

40. A. The Common Molds 1.Structure and Function of Bread Mold 2.Life Cycle of Molds B. The Sac Fungi 1.Life Cycle of Sac Fungi 2.Yeasts C. The Club Fungi 1.Life Cycle of Club Fungi 2.Diversity of Club Fungi 3.Edible and Inedible Mushrooms D. The Imperfect Fungi 21–2 Classification of Fungi

41. are divided into the phyla includes Fungi Common molds Imperfect fungi Sac fungi Club fungi AscomycotaZygomycotaBasidiomycota Deuteromycota

42. What are the characteristics of the four main phyla of fungi? Zygomycetes (phylum Zygomycota) have life cycles that include a zygospore (a resting spore that contains zygotes formed during the sexual phase of the mold’s life cycle). Zygomycetes (phylum Zygomycota) have life cycles that include a zygospore (a resting spore that contains zygotes formed during the sexual phase of the mold’s life cycle). Root like hyphae that penetrate the bread’s surface are rhizoids (anchor the fungus to the surface). Root like hyphae that penetrate the bread’s surface are rhizoids (anchor the fungus to the surface). The stem like hyphae that run along the surface of are stolons. The stem like hyphae that run along the surface of are stolons. Gametangia are gamete forming structures. Gametangia are gamete forming structures.

43. What are the characteristics of the four main phyla of fungi? The phylum Ascomycota is named for the ascus, a reproductive structure that contains spores. The phylum Ascomycota is named for the ascus, a reproductive structure that contains spores. Tiny spores called conidia are formed at the tops of specialized hyphae called conidiophores. Tiny spores called conidia are formed at the tops of specialized hyphae called conidiophores. The ascus forms within the fruiting body. The ascus forms within the fruiting body. Yeast fits into this phylum and is unicellular. They reproduce by budding. Yeast fits into this phylum and is unicellular. They reproduce by budding.

44. What are the characteristics of the four main phyla of fungi? The phylum Basidiomycota, or club fungi, gets its name from a specialized reproductive structure that resembles a club. The phylum Basidiomycota, or club fungi, gets its name from a specialized reproductive structure that resembles a club. The spore bearing structure is called the basidium. The spore bearing structure is called the basidium.

45. What are the characteristics of the four main phyla of fungi? The Deuteromycota are fungi that cannot be placed in other phyla because researchers have never been able to observe a sexual phase in their life cycles. The Deuteromycota are fungi that cannot be placed in other phyla because researchers have never been able to observe a sexual phase in their life cycles. Penicillium

46. A. All Fungi Are Heterotrophs B. Fungi as Decomposers* C. Fungi as Parasites 1.Plant Diseases 2.Human Diseases 3.Other Animal Diseases D. Symbiotic Relationships 1.Lichens 2.Mycorrhizae 21–3Ecology of Fungi BI 6e. Students know a vital part of an ecosystem is the stability of its producers and decomposers.

47. What is the main role of fungi in natural ecosystems? Fungi play an essential role in maintaining equilibrium in nearly every ecosystem, where they recycle nutrients by breaking down the bodies and wastes of other organisms. Fungi play an essential role in maintaining equilibrium in nearly every ecosystem, where they recycle nutrients by breaking down the bodies and wastes of other organisms. Saprobes are organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter. Saprobes are organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter.

48. What problems do parasitic fungi cause? Parasitic fungi cause serious plant and animal diseases. A few cause diseases in humans. Parasitic fungi cause serious plant and animal diseases. A few cause diseases in humans. Plants: corn smut, wheat rust Plants: corn smut, wheat rust Humans: athlete’s foot, candida Humans: athlete’s foot, candida

49. What kinds of symbiotic relationships do fungi form with other organisms? Some fungi form symbiotic relationships in which both partners benefit. Two such mutualistic associations, lichens and mycorrhizae, are essential to many ecosystems. Some fungi form symbiotic relationships in which both partners benefit. Two such mutualistic associations, lichens and mycorrhizae, are essential to many ecosystems. Mycorrhizae are the result of the mutualistic relationship between underground roots and fungal mycelia. Mycorrhizae are the result of the mutualistic relationship between underground roots and fungal mycelia.