1. Chapter 21: Europe 1830 to 1850 Economic Advancement and Social Unrest Barricade on the rue Soufflot, by Horace Vernet. 1848

2. What was the name for the time when General Cavaignac used troops from the countryside to put down the rioting in Paris during which more than four hundred people were killed and another 3,000 were arrested? A.The Peterloo Massacre B.The February Revolution C.The July Revolution D.The June Days

3. Anarchists: A.rejected industry B.rejected government C.rejected both government and industry D.rejected all aspects of socialism E.were a powerful political force in Great Britain

4. Which of the following best describes Robert Owen’s economic attitudes? A.He saw no contradiction between creating a humane industrial environment and making a profit. B.He attacked the banking system which was notorious for not extending credit C.He was highly and bitterly critical of religion and called it the Opiate of the Masses D.He believed that the government should undertake major infrastructure projects such as building railways, roads and canals

5. What was the principal reason why Sir Robert Peel allowed the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846? A.To make British agriculture more efficient B.To drive down wages C.To protect British Grain producers D.The Irish Potato Famine

6. Marx asserted that all human history had been a struggle between social classes and that the future lay with the working class: because the laws of history dictated that capitalism would inexorably (inevitably) grind to a halt In 1867, Marx published Das Kapital which was a condemnation of the capitalist system and in which he utters his hallmark (quintessential) exhortation, Workers of the world, unite

7. After the fall of Louis Phillipe, who organized a provisional government for the Second French Republic? A.Louis Cavaignac B.Louis Napoleon C.Alphonse de Lamartine D.Charles X E.Charles Albert

8. Which two of the following were NOT examples of the early types of Socialism? A.Utopian B.Nationalism C.Revolutionary D.Evolutionary E.Laissez-Faire

9. Who were Bobbies? They were the first professional police in London What was their (sarcastic) nickname? Peelers; a pun on the P.M., Sir Robert Peel Why Sir Robert Peel? The Peelers were named for Peel because he pushed the Metropolitan Police Act through Parliament in 1829 which created the Bobbies.

10. How did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels describe the Utopian Socialists? A.The Ausgleich B.Unrealistic Venturers C.Peelers D.Bastiles E.The have-nots

11. Chartism: A.was an English educational movement B.demanded six specific reforms C.challenged the misogyny of early industrial economies D.described the demands of the Czech nationalism in 1848.

12. Which of the following was NOT demanded by William Lovett and the Chartist oriented London Working Man’s Association? A.Annual Election to the House of Commons B.Universal Suffrage C.The Secret Ballot D.The abolition of property qualifications for and the payment of salaries for members of the House of Commons They wanted Universal Male Suffrage

13. Henri de Saint Simon is often considered the father of Technocracy. Define Technocracy. A.a complete redistribution of wealth. B.the relaxation of gender roles C.government in which experts in technology would be in control of all economic decision making D. the belief that happy workers would be more productive workers

14. In Marxist terms, Proletarianization is seen as: A.a mechanism that allows people to adjust to new patterns of working life B.the implementation of the Revolution C.the process whereby the working classes would come to share in the wealth and comforts brought by the Industrial Revolution D. a downward spiral of social mobility In other words, as people became workers in factories, they lost control of their lives in the production process.

15. What was the Grand National Union?: A.an attempt to draw all British trade unions into a single body B.a guise for radical anarchists C.representative unions which called for the election of legislators who would support socialist reforms D. a radical group which called for the complete abolition of private property. Robert Owen’s last effort

16. In 1834, Jeremy Bentham’s followers in the House of Commons passed a new Poor Law which established a Poor Law Commission. What was its purpose? The purpose was to make poverty the most undesirable of all social circumstances. Under this system, who received government relief? only those who went to Government workhouses where life was designed to be more unpleasant than life outside. What did the laboring class call government workhouses? Bastilles – i.e., like prisons

17. By 1830, which of the following nations had the fewest miles of railroad milage? A.The German States B.Belgium C.France D.Great Britain E.Spain

18. What is the system called whereby small businesses and other cooperative enterprises exchange goods and services based on mutual recognition? A.Mutualism B.Marxism C.Fourierism D.Saint-Simonism E.Utilitarianism

19. What is the process called whereby artisans and factory workers became a wage-labor force in which their labor became a commodity in the marketplace? A.Urbanization B.Proletarianization C.Industrialization D.Monitization

20. What was Magyarization? The imposition of Hungarian language and government over ethnic minorities in Transylvania, Croatia and Serbia. What Austrian general assisted the Romanians, Serbs and Croatians to defeat Magyarization? Count Joseph Jellachich What two Slavic minorities wanted a west Slavic state within the Hapsburg Empire similar to what Hungary had just accomplished. The Czech provinces of Bohemia and Moravia

21. Who wrote Fragment on Government and The Principal Examples of Morals and Legislation, in which he explained that the principle of utility would overcome the special interests of privileged groups who prevented rational government? A.Jeremy Bentham B.Thomas Malthus C.David Ricardo D.Adam Smith E.Josiah Warren

22. What was the name of the feminist newspaper which argued that improvements in the lives of women would improve the condition of society as a whole? Compared to the Vesuvians, the supporters of this papers were more conservative. ? A.The Northern Star B.Rhineland Gazette C.The Feminist Manifesto D.Voix des Femmes E.The March

23. What was the name of the first English railroad which was opened in 1825? A.The Northern Star B.The Rocket C.The London Railroad D.The Stockton and Darlington

24. Exploitation of the coal fields in the Ruhr and Saar basins led to increased production of what material(s)? A.Textiles B.Food Crops C.Iron and Steel D.Coke and Charcoal

25. Marx and Engels believed that a socialist revolution would result in a: Dictatorship of the Proletariat And then what would happen? Then, The Dictatorship of the Proletariat would: abolish private property and destroy the capitalist order After the revolution, the state would wither away, coercive institutions (like the police) would disappear and a fair, just and egalitarian society would arise.

26. Which statement best describes Louis Blanc? A.He believed that workers would be happier and more productive, if they could move from one task to another B.He called for political reform that would give the vote to the working class C.He was an anarchist who rejected both labor unions and governmental reforms D.He believed in the principle of Mutualism emphasizing small businesses which would cooperate with each other

27. Between 1830 and 1850, Europe’s population grew dramatically. Which of the following was not a characteristic of that growth? A.Urbanization B.Industrialization C.Slums D.Independent Peasants

28. Who said, population must eventually surpass the food supply; that the food supply grows arithmetically but population grows geometrically? A.David Ricardo B.Adam Smith C.Karl Marx D.Thomas Malthus In his Essay on the Principle of Population, what was Malthus’ solution? The only hope of diverting disaster was through late marriage, chastity and contraception.

29. What was Marx’s prediction for Capitalism in the latter half of the nineteenth century? A.That Capitalism would collapse. B.That Capitalism would increase the wealth of the middle and lower classes. C.That Capitalism would collapse D.That the middle class would become proletarianized

30. In 1815, how did George Stephenson make use of the steam engine? A.He invented the railroad locomotive B.He used steam engines to drain dangerous ground water from coal and tin mines C.He used steam engines to run the first, primitive electric lamps D.He made textile manufacturing speedier and more efficient

31. The Napoleonic wars: A.crippled French Atlantic trade B.halted English trade with India C.destroyed the English Textile industry D.brought England and its former North American colonies into warmer relations

32. With whom did continental liberals ally during the Revolutions of 1848? Urban workers Liberals wanted more representative government, protection of civil liberties. What did the workers want? Workers wanted more money and more favorable working conditions. Where was nationalist discontent the strongest during the Revolutions of 1848? The Austrian Empire

33. Confection: A.outlawed guilds and their control of the trades B.required more skill of artisans and thus gained them higher wages C.challenged the misogyny of male dominated industrial workforces D.was the practice of making standard sized products rather than individually made products.

34. In the early years of the nineteenth century, what was the only thoroughly mechanized industry in Europe? A.Textile B.Mining (Coal, tin and iron ore) C.Chemical D.Food Processing

35. Which statement best describes Chartism? A.It was a radical movement that foreshadowed Socialism and Marxism B.It was a strong national movement that lobbied for working class reforms C.It was the first large-scale European working- class political movement D.It was able to unite both those who favored violence and those who favored peaceful protest

36. When did professional policemen first appear in European countries? A.During the Napoleonic Wars B.During the 1820s C.After the Revolutions of 1848 D.Just after the French Revolution E.During the Revolutions of 1830

37. Who was the Magyar nationalist and member of the Hungarian diet, who attacked Austrian domination of Hungary and demanded responsible reforms? A.Friedrich Engels B.Louis Cavaignac C.Louis Kossuth D.Auguste Blanqui E.Karl Marx

38. Most professional police in Europe carried guns. Where did they not carry guns ? Great Britain Why did both the middle and lower classes generally look upon the police in a favorable manner? Because police protected private property and made society safer. What country was the big exception where the police were feared and hated? Russia, especially under Nicholas I

39. By 1830, what was the only fully industrialized European nation? A.Germany B.Belgium C.France D.Great Britain E.Italy

40. Which of the following was NOT a member of the bourgeoisie (upper middle class)? A.Doctors B.Lawyers C.Bankers D.Shop Keepers E.Bureaucrats

41. When the National Assembly of the Second French Republic closed the workships to new members and made plans to eject older member, the people of Paris rioted and set up barricades. Who used troops from the more conservative contryside to crush the rebellion ? A.Louis Napoleon B.Louis Cavaignac C.Louis Blanc D.Pierre Joseph Proudhon

42. Who wrote the Wealth of Nations? Adam Smith What was the core or central idea of the Wealth of Nations? Laissez-Faire Economics Define Laissez-Faire Economics Governments support an economic environment in which transactions between private parties are free from tariffs and government interference, with only enough government regulations sufficient to protect property rights against theft and aggression.

43. What was the Russian equivalent to the British use of Transportation? A.Capital Punishment B.The draft C.Exile to Siberia D.Expulsion to Poland E.Corporal Punishment (i.e., flogging)

44. In the 1840s, Euro-American nations became more progressive about prison reforms. The two most famous models (systems) came from: The United States In which model, were prisoners separated at night but could socialize while wording during the day? The Auburn System In which model were prisoners were kept rigorously separated from each other both day and night? The Philadelphia System

45. What was the result of the French Plebiscite of 1851? Only 600,000 voters out of 7.5 million voters dared to vote against Napoleon and his amended constitution. As a result what did Napoleon do? A year later Louis Napoleon declared himself Emperor Napoleon III and proclaimed the Second French Empire. What was the response of the French nation and people? A second plebiscite overwhelmingly approved Napoleon’s elevation and the empire.

46. Who advocated the construction of communities called Phalanxes in which liberated living would replace the monotony of industrial life? A.Louis Blanc B.Josiah Warren C.Karl Marx D.Henri de Saint-Simon E.Charles Fourier

47. In 1817, who published his Principles of Political Economy which transformed the ideas of Malthus into the Iron Law of Wages. David Ricardo What are the main points of the Iron Law of Wages? 1. If wages are raised, parents will have more children. 2. Those children will enter the labor market expanding the number of workers and lowering wages. 3. As wages fall, however, working people will produce fewer children (they have less money). 4. Wages will then rise, and the process would start all over again.

48. Why did Chartism fail as a national movement? A.Its leaders were quickly jailed. B.Most of its members refused to strike or engage in public demonstrations C.Some of its members wanted to use violence; others peaceful protest D.The British government used troops to crush the Chartists. They were divided

49. Who believed that people are products of their heredity and environment and this Environmentalist psychology caused him to teach that if human beings were placed in the correct surroundings, they and their character could be improved? A.Charles Fourier B.Henri de Saint Simon C.Karl Marx D.Robert Owen E.Louis Blanc

50. The purpose of the Pentonville Prison near London was to force prisoners to examine themselves so that the they would think about their crimes and eventually decide to give up their criminal ways. Why did it fail? A.The prison became more repressive as the nineteenth century passed. B.There were long periods of enforced silence C.Common cell blocks led to riots D.Intense isolation frequently led to mental breakdowns

51. What was a great lesson of the Irish Potato Famine? A.Economies built on one crop are economically vulnerable B.Industrialization was of little use in agrarian countries such as Ireland C.Much of Ireland was vulnerable to famine and depopulation D.The British Government did not underestimate the anger caused by the famine.

52. Working class people resented the gloomy ideas and predictions of Malthus and Ricardo but the French and British governments welcomed them. King Louis Philippe and his Prime Minister François Guizot told the French people to: go and enrich themselves Zollverein After the Napoleonic wars, the Prussian reformers saw the advantages of abolishing internal tariffs and trade barriers that made economic growth difficult. In 1834, all the major German states except Austria formed a free trading union called the:

53. What social philosophy believes that laws ought to be made to create the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people are enacted? A.Saint Simonianism B.Utilitarianism C.Marxism D.Phalanxes E.Magyarization

54. What was the purpose of the Corn Laws (grain laws) in Great Britain? A.To make British agriculture more efficient B.To encourage the importation of cheaper foreign grain C.To protect British Grain producers D.To lower the price of gain for the poor

55. The earliest socialists were Utopian socialists. They were considered utopian because their ideas were often visionary and because they often advocated the creation of ideal working communities. They were socialists because: they questioned the structures and values of the existing capitalist system. administered by the state, not its owners. Henri Saint-Simon believed that modern society required rational management and that private enterprise, wealth and property should be:

56. Early Factory owners: A.only hired women and children B.allowed husbands to hire their wives and children as assistants C.forbade husbands and wives from working in the same factory D.only hired skilled artisans

57. Robert Owen raised wages, cut working hours, kept young children out of the factory while sending them to school and operated a store that sold goods at fair prices – and his reforms actually made money. Where did he accomplish this innovative system? A.England B.Ireland C.Scotland D.France E.New England

58. How did Marx and Engels choose the name Communist? Communism comes from the French “commun” which means “common” and implied the complete abolition of private property. Therefore it was more radical than the more innocent word Socialism. What is the most popular misconception about the Communist Manifesto? The Communist Manifesto was NOT a prediction of what communism might do for society and the working class but rather an analytical analysis of the class struggle (historical and present) and the failures of capitalism

59. Who was the most famous of the Chartist leaders who made speeches all over England and whose popularity was so great that many people named their children after him? A.George Stephenson B.Jeremy Bentham C.Fergus O’Conner D.Robert Owen

60. Who was the “Austrian Bismarck” who, although the emperor Ferdinand abdicated in favor of his nephew Francis Joseph, was the real power in the empire? A.Francis Palacky B.Joseph Wenzel Radetzky C.Prince Alfred Windischraetz D.David Hansemann E.Prince Felix Schwarzenberg

61. Who lost his throne and fled to England in the February Revolution in 1848? A.Alphonse de Lamartine B.Charles X C.Louis Philippe D.Louis Napoleon E.Francis Joseph

62. In 1850, - in spite of industrialization - the largest group of employed women working in England worked: A.on the land B.in factories C.in mines D.in small shops E.as domestic servants And in France?

63. Who made the prediction that New Harmony would fail because it did not guarantee the right to individual sovereignty and private property? A.Charles Fourier B.Louis Blanc C.Friedrich Engels D.Josiah Warren E.Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

64. Which of these Frenchmen guarded Queen Victoria during the Chartist Uprising? A.Louis Cavaignac B.Louis Napoleon C.Alphonse de Lamartine D.Charles X E.Charles Albert

65. Marx derived the major ideas of the Communist Manifesto from: A.French Mutualism B.The French Enlightenment C.German Kantianism D.German Hegelianism E.Saint-Simon’s Technocracy

66. Which of following best describes Hegel’s evolutionary development of ideas? A.Evolutionary ideas occur through Romantic Idealism B.Thesis, Antithesis, Synthesis C.The end justifies the means D.The inner command in all humans to act in every situation as one would have other people act in the same situation What is #D actually called? Whose idea was it? The Categorical Imperative Immanuel Kant

67. Which of the following was a characteristic of the bourgeoisie (upper middle class)? A.Cock Fights B.Holy Monday C.Vacations D.Boxing matches E.Socializing at bars What was Holy Monday? Holy Monday was a habit of poorer workers who defied the system, took Mondays off, and began the work week on Tuesday

68. Before the nineteenth century, prisons were usually local jails or state prisons such as the Bastille. What name was given to ships used as jails? hulks What was the most common minor “crime” for which entire families might be imprisoned? Indebtedness The British resorted to Transportation or sending criminals to prison colonies. What was the most famous of these prison colonies? New South Wales in Australia

69. Which was NOT a provision of the the March Laws passed by the Hungarian diet in 1848? A.Equality of Religion B.Trial by Jury C.Elections in the Lower Chamber of the Diet D.No taxes for the nobility E.A relatively free press

70. Charles Fourier believed that: A.all European workers should form a single trade union B.sex was the heart of all social dysfunction C.industrialization ignored the passionate side of human nature D.industrialization and anarchy were mutually compatible

71. In December of 1848, who became the king of Hungary and emperor of Austria? A.Ferdinand B.Victor Emmanuel C.Felix Schwartzenberg D.Charles X E.Francis Joseph

72. Who was the violent anarchist, who advocated violence and terrorism – and who spent most of his life in jail? A.Josiah Warren B.Louis Blanc C.Pierre-Joseph Proudhon D.Auguste Blanqui E.John Howard

73. Who was the moderate anarchist, who in his treatise What is Property, attacked the banking system which rarely extended credit to small property owners or the poor? A.Josiah Warren B.Louis Blanc C.Pierre-Joseph Proudhon D.Auguste Blanqui E.John Howard

74. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, reformers in England such as John Howard and Elizabeth Fry along with Charles Lucas in France: A.demanded the right of women to serve in the military, and removal of restrictions from women’s dress and fashions. B.Supported Robert Owen and his model community at New Harmony, Indians C.criticized the Chartist Movement D.exposed the terrible condition in prisons and demanded reforms

75. What was Devil’s Island? Devil’s Island was a penal colony off the coast of South America where France transported its worst criminals to ensure they would never return After his success at New Lanark, where did Owen try a second but unsuccessful industrial community? New Harmony, Indiana Why did New Harmony fail? Because its members were supposed to voluntarily cooperate but because there was not guarantee of private property, its members quarreled.

76. Who published The Condition of the Working Class in England, which was a devastating attack on the conditions of the working poor in England? A.Friedrich Engels B.Louis Cavaignac C.Louis Kossuth D.Auguste Blanqui E.Karl Marx

77. The English Factory of 1833 was aimed at the evils of A.Chartism B.women taking men’s jobs in factories C.the burdens of the working poor D.child labor E.the ten hour work day

78. Which two of the following were NOT factors that influenced Marx and Engels? A.British Classical Economics B.Utilitarianism C.French Utopian Socialism D.The Young Hegelians E.The London Workingman’s Association

79. Which of the following was the most important factor in the Revolutions of 1848? A.Food shortages like the Irish Potato Famine B.Widespread recessions and unemployment C.Unhappiness of the urban, artisan and laboring classes D.Inadequate government relief programs E.The unhappiness of political liberals who wanted more representative government, protection of civil liberties

80. In the Marxist system, who were the haves and the have-nots? A.The Proletariat B.The Philosophes C.The Peasants D.The Vesuvians E.The Capitalists Haves Have-nots

81. Whose election and subsequent dictatorship doomed the Second Republic? A.Louis Cavaignac B.Louis Napoleon C.Alphonse de Lamartine D.Charles X E.Charles Albert

82. Who guided the first Pan-Slavic Congress which called for national equality of Slavs within the Habsburg Empire and condemned Hapsburg, Hungarian, Ottoman and German oppression of Slavic peoples? A.Felix Schwarzenberg B.Wenzel Radetzky C.Alfred Windischraetz D.Francis Palacky E.David Hansemann

83. In The Communist Manifesto, Marx compared the fate of the Proletariat with: the fate of humanity itself According to Marx, when the Proletariat liberated itself from Capitalist servitude, what would happen? All of humanity would be liberated. Marx believed that even culture as expressed in art, music and education benefited the capitalists and hurt the workers because they diverted workers from their misery. Marx was also bitterly critical of religion. What did he call religion ? The Opiate of the Masses.

84. Which of the following statements is true about early nineteenth century women? A.Middle Class Morality encouraged women to work in factories. B.Female factory employees accounted for more than three quarters of all employed women. C.Many widows would leave the factory labor force when their husbands died D.Unmarried women rapidly became employed in factories

85. Many women were energized (i.e., inspired) by the events of 1848. Most Parisian feminists wanted the vote but others like the Vesuvians wanted more rights. What three rights did the Vesuvians want? 1. Household equality 2. The right of women to serve in the military 3. The removal of restrictions from women’s dress and fashions.

86. Which of the following statements can be considered the most correct regarding early Socialists? A.They wanted to force women out of factory employment to make more jobs available for men. B.They wanted to convince capitalist governments to modify Laissez-Faire principles. C.Most of them were anarchists and revolutionary. D.They wanted to force capitalist governments to keep Laissez-Faire principles and support the bourgeoisie.

87. Whose ideas would inspire later socialists who wanted fairness in the market place and also the French labor movement, which would become less involved in politics than the labor movements of Germany or Great Britain? A.Friedrich Engels B.Louis Blanc C.Pierre-Joseph Proudhon D.Auguste Blanqui E.François Guizot

88. What was the most important and lasting result of the 1848 revolution in the Austrian Empire? A.The foundations of Trade Unionism B.The emergence of technological innovation C.The emancipation of the serfs D.The triumph of the Magyar Nobility E.Francis Joseph becoming the new emperor, replacing the incompetent Ferdinand

89. Who were the two women associated with Voix des Femmes that organized worker’s groups to improve the lives of working class women. Jeanne Deroin and Pauline Roland Both were arrested, tried and imprisoned. What was the fate of each? Deroin left France and founded a boarding school in England for the children of French exiles. Roland was imprisoned in Algeria, pardoned but died on the way home owing to the harsh conditions in the Algerian prison.

90. In the view of Karl Marx, historical change was, in all important respects, the product of which of the following? A.The emergence of an intelligentsia B.Class conflict C.Plato’s Theory of Forms D.Technological innovation E.Pure chance

91. Which two of the following were associated with the failed Roman Republic of 1849? A.Pellegrino Rossi B.Giuseppe Garibaldi C.Francis Joseph D.The Young Hegelians E.Giuseppe Mazzini