1. Smartphone Accessories 1

2. Sensor Types 1. touch (resistive & capacitive): a. gesture (touch, tap, swipe, double tap) b. drag & drop c. custom gesture 2. MM: a. microphone b. camera (rgb) (takepicture & videorecord)

3. Sensor Types 3. MEMS: a. orientation (lands & potrait) b. accelero (= perubahan percepatan) (gravity & linear) c. gyro (= perubahan sudut) d. magnetic

4. Sensor Types 4. Environment: a. pressure --> elevation (h) b. humidity c. temperature d. location (GPS) e. light (ALS) f. heart rate g. proximity h. distance 3d

5. Touch Sensor

6. A touch screen sensor is a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface. The touch sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area of the panel covers the viewable area of the screen. There are several different touch sensor technologies on the market today, each using a different method to detect touch input. The sensor generally has an electrical current or signal going through it and touching the screen can cause a voltage or signal change. This change is used to determine the location of the touch to the screen.

7. Touchscreen Technology Resistive touchscreen Capacitive touchscreen Infrared touchscreen Surface acoustic wave (SAW) touchscreen Strain gauge touchscreen Optical touchscreen

8. Touchscreen Technology Resistive touchscreen Capacitive touchscreen Infrared touchscreen Surface acoustic wave (SAW) touchscreen Strain gauge touchscreen Optical touchscreen

9. Resistive touchscreen Structure Resistive touch screens consist of a glass or acrylic panel that is coated with electrically conductive and resistive layers made with indium tin oxide (ITO).The thin layers are separated by invisible spacers.

10. Resistive touchscreen Characters: 1. Cost effective solutions 2. Activated by a stylus, a finger nail or gloved hand 3. Not affected by dirt, dust, water, or light 4. 75%~85% clarify 5. resistive layers can be damaged by a very sharp object

11. Capacitive touchscreen Working principle A human body is an electric conductor, so when you touch the screen with a finger, a slight amount of current is drawn, creating a voltage drop. The current respectively drifts to the electrodes on the four corners. Theoretically, the amount of current that drifts through the four electrodes should be proportional to the distance from the touch point to the four corners. The controller precisely calculates the proportion of the current passed through the four electrodes and figures out the X/Y coordinate of a touch point.

12. Capacitive touchscreen Characters: 1. Durable and resistant to scratches for demanding applications 2. Faster and more responsive 3. Immune to surface contaminants 4. Superior optical clarity, brighter display and less surface reflection 5. Must be touched by finger, will not work with any non- conductive input

13. TechnologyCapacitiveResistive TransparenceVery good >92%75%~85% ResolutionGood Surface Contaminants /durability Resistant to moisture and other surface contaminants Unaffected by sSurface contaminants. Polyester top sheet is easily scratched Sensor substrate Glass with ITO coating Polyester top sheet, Display size8.4"-21"up to 19" Touch method Human touchCan use any pointing device

15. Accelerometer Sensor

16. Basic Principle of Accelerometer

17. Gyroscope Principles Principle of operation The simplest gyroscopes use a high speed, rotating inertial disk that is loosely coupled to the frame holding it. A rotation in the frame imparts a torque (rotation) on the spinning disk, which processes (rotates) as a result (conservation of angular momentum).

18. Basic Principle of Gyroscope

19. Accelerometer Design BOTTOM ELECTRODESWHOLE STRUCTURE springs contact pads 650 µm

20. y-inner y-outer x-inner x-outer contact pads y-sensing x-sensing X AND Y SENSING ON THE SAME STRUCTURE Accelerometer Design

21. inner outer contact pads y-sensing SAME TWO STRUCTURES ORTHAGONAL WITH RESPECT TO EACH OTHER TO SENSE BOTH X AND Y AXIS Accelerometer Design

22. SAME TWO STRUCTURES ORTHAGONAL WITH RESPECT TO EACH OTHER TO SENSE BOTH X AND Y AXIS Accelerometer Design

23. SAME TWO STRUCTURES ORTHAGONAL WITH RESPECT TO EACH OTHER TO SENSE BOTH X AND Y AXIS Accelerometer Design

24. Accelerometer Fabrication

27. Camera Sensor

28. 6/12/2016

30. Global Position System

32. ground tracks

33. we will break system into five conceptual pieces step 1: using satellite ranging step 2: measuring distance from satellite step 3: getting perfect timing step 4: knowing where a satellite is in space step 5: identifying errors

34. step 1: using satellite ranging GPS is based on satellite ranging, i.e. distance from satellites a. satellites are precise reference points b. we determine our distance from them we will assume for now that we know exactly where satellite is and how far away from it we are… if we are lost and we know that we are 11,000 miles from satellite A… we are somewhere on a sphere whose middle is satellite A and diameter is 11,000 miles

35. if we also know that we are 12,000 miles from satellite B we can narrow down where we must be only place in universe is on circle where two spheres intersect if we also know that we are 13,000 miles from satellite C our situation improves Immensely, only place in universe is at either of two points where three spheres intersect

36. step 2: measuring distance from satellite because GPS based on knowing distance from satellite we need to have a method for determing how far away the satellites are: use velocity x time = distance GPS system works by timing how long it takes a radio signal to reach the receiver from a satellite, distance is calculated from that time, radio waves travel at speed of light: 180,000 miles per second

37. position determined from multiple pseudo-range measurements 4 satellites: 3 (X, Y, Z) dimensions and time when clock offsets are determined, the receiver position is known

38. this leads us to why 4 GPS satellites are necessary and to…

39. step 3: getting perfect timing electromagnetic energy travels at 186,000 miles per second …an error of 1/100th second leads to error of 1,860 miles how do we know that receiver and satellite are on same time? satellites have atomic clocks (4 of them for redundancy) …at $100,000 apiece, they are not in receivers! receivers have “ordinary” clocks (otherwise receivers would cost > $100K) …can get around this by having an “extra” measurement …hence 4 satellites are necessary three perfect measurements will lead to unique, correct solution ….four imperfect ones also will lead to appropriate solution

40. finally… step 4: knowing where a satellite is in space Air Force injected satellites into known orbits orbits known in advance and programmed into receivers satellites constantly monitored corrections relayed

41. step 5: identifying errors ionosphere: electrically charged particles 80-120 miles up; affects speed of electromagnetic energy …amount of affect depends on frequency

42. when measuring must have good GDOP and good visibility …may not always be possible

43. need to use datum…descriptions of Earth’s surface depends on projections flat Earth for short distances ellipsoidal models for whole Earth GPS uses WGS-84 (ellipsoid) geoid: surface resulted from gravity alone