1. Heart failure

2. Heart failure is a cardiac condition, that occurs when a problem with the structure or function of the heart impairs its ability to supply sufficient blood flow to meet the body's needs cause of heart failurecardiacheartblood

3. causes Cardiac arrest, and asystole both refer to situtations in which there is no cardiac output at all. Without urgent treatment, these result in sudden death. Cardiac arrestasystole Heart attack refers to a blockage in a coronary (heart) artery resulting in heart muscle damage. Heart attack Cardiomyopathy

4. causes Valvular dysfunction Infection( myocarditis or endocarditis) Uncontrolled hypertention

5. Systolic dysfunction Heart failure caused by systolic dysfunction is more readily recognized. It can be simplistically described as failure of the pump function of the heart. It is characterized by a decreased ejection fraction (less than 45%). The strength of ventricular contraction is attenuated and inadequate for creating an adequate stroke volume, resulting in inadequate cardiac output.

6. In general, this is caused by dysfunction or destruction of cardiac myocytes or their molecular components

7. Because the ventricle is inadequately emptied, ventricular end-diastolic pressure and volumes increase. This is transmitted to the atrium. On the left side of the heart, the increased pressure is transmitted to the pulmonary vasculature, and the resultant hydrostatic pressure favors extravassation of fluid into the lung parenchyma, causing pulmonary edema

8. . On the right side of the heart, the increased pressure is transmitted to the systemic venous circulation and systemic capillary beds, favoring extravassation of fluid into the tissues of target organs and extremities, resulting in dependent peripheral edemadependent peripheral edema

9. Diastolic dysfunction Heart failure caused by diastolic dysfunction is generally described as the failure of the ventricle to adequately relax and typically denotes a stiffer ventricular wall.

10. Diastolic dysfunction This causes inadequate filling of the ventricle, and therefore results in an inadequate stroke volume. The failure of ventricular relaxation also results in elevated end-diastolic pressures, and the end result is identical to the case of systolic dysfunction (pulmonary edema in left heart failure, peripheral edema in right heart failure.

11. Diagnostic criteria ] Left-sided failure Backward failure of the left ventricle causes congestion of the pulmonary vasculature, and so the symptoms are predominantly respiratory in nature dyspnea (shortness of breath) on exertion (dyspnée d'effort) and in severe cases, dyspnea at rest. dyspnea Increasing breathlessness called orthopnea, occurs. It is often measured in the number of pillows required to lie comfortably, and in severe cases, the patient may resort to sleeping while sitting up.orthopnea

12. paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, a sudden nighttime attack of severe breathlessness, usually several hours after going to sleep. paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Easy fatigueability and exercise intolerance are also common complaints related to respiratory compromise

13. Diagnostic criteria Right-sided failure Backward failure of the right ventricle leads to congestion of systemic capillaries. This helps to generate excess fluid accumulation in the body. This causes swelling under the skin (termed peripheral edema or anasarca) and usually affects the dependent parts of the body first (causing foot and ankle swelling in people who are standing up, and sacral edema in people who are predominantly lying down ).peripheral edemaanasarca

14. In progressively severe cases,: ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity causing swelling)ascites hepatomegaly (painful enlargement of the liver) may develop. hepatomegaly liver Significant liver congestion may result in impaired liver function, and jaundice and even coagulopathy (problems of decreased blood clotting) may occur.coagulopathy

15. Classification Symptoms I Ordinary physical activity does not cause undue fatigue, dyspnea, palpitations, or chest pain No pulmonary congestion or peripheral hypotension Patient is considered asymptomatic. Usually no limitations of activities of daily living (ADLs)

16. Classification Symptoms II Slight limitation on ADLs Patient reports no symptoms at rest but increased physical activity will cause symptoms.Basilar crackles and S 3 murmur may be detected

17. Classification Symptoms III Marked limitation on ADL Patient feels comfortable at rest but less than ordinary activity will cause symptoms Fair Prognosis IV Symptoms of cardiac insufficiency at rest.poor prognosis

18. Neurohormonal compensatory mechanism in heart failure Sympathatic nervouse system RAAS (rennin angiotonsin -aldesteron system

19. Assessment and Diagnostic Findings signs and symptoms of pulmonary and peripheral edema. However, the physical signs that suggest HF may also occur with other diseases, such as renal failure, liver failure, oncologic conditions, and COPD

20. Assessment and Diagnostic Findings An echocardiogram is usually performed to confirm the diagnosis of HF: help identify the underlying cause, and determine the EF, helps identify the type and severity of HF invasively by ventriculography as part of a cardiac catheterization procedure.

21. Assessment and Diagnostic Findings A chest x-ray and an electrocardiogram (ECG) are obtained to assist in the diagnosis and to determine the underlying cause of HF.

22. Pharmacological Treatment ACEI Hydralazine Nitrates Digoxin Diuretics Beta blockers

23. Pharmacological management Angiotensin-modulating agents ACE inhibitor (ACE) therapy is recommended for all patients with systolic heart failure, irrespective of symptomatic severity or blood pressure ACE inhibitors improve symptoms, decrease mortality and reduce ventricular hypertrophyventricular hypertrophy

24. Diuretics DiureticDiuretic therapy is indicated for relief of congestive symptoms. Several classes are used, with combinations reserved for severe heart failure Loop diuretics e.g. Furosemide– most commonly used class in CHF, usually for moderate CHF.Furosemide Thiazide diureticsThiazide diuretics (e.g. Hydrochlorothiazide,– may be useful for mild CHF, but typically used in severe CHF in combination with loop diureticsHydrochlorothiazide SpironolactoneSpironolactone is used as add-on therapy to ACEI plus loop diuretic in severe CHF

25. management Beta blockers a β-blocker can decrease mortality and improve left ventricular function. Several β-blockers are specifically indicated for CHF including: carvedilolcarvedilol Positive inotropes DigoxinDigoxin ( for control of ventricular rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation; or where adequate control is not achieved with an ACEI, a beta blocker and a loop diuretic.

26. Nursing Diagnoses Decreased Cardiac Output related to altered preload Decreased Cardiac Output related to altered contractility Decreased Cardiac Output related to altered heart rate Decreased Activity Tolerance related to decreased cardiac output and deconditioning