1. 1 A Radiation Protection Course for U of Guelph Staff – Non Users Basic Session for the Guidance of Fire and Police Services Personnel Ver 001, Jan 6 th, 2015

2. 2 Resources for More Information on Radiation Protection at U of Guelph Radiation Safety Office of Environmental Health and Safety (me x54888, central desk x52047) Radiation Safety Training Manual and Radiation Safety Procedures Manual – copy must be made available by your Responsible Person Radiation Safety Policy – available on the UoG web site as Policy number 851.09.01, to soon issue RSOP-M-001 Our License set, 7 items, as issued by CNSC. The terms section of the Permit Holder’s (i.e., Prof’s) permit document, as released on the discretion of the RSO on a need-to-know basis. (Publicly available) Acts and Regulations of the CNSC, in the case of nuclear materials and radiation sources. To go further and deeper for information of any sort related to RP

3. Resources for More Information on Radiation Protection: CNSC -2 The CNSC's role in a nuclear emergency The CNSC maintains a comprehensive Emergency Response Plan (PDF). Our role during a nuclear emergency is to:Emergency Response Plan monitor the response of the licensee evaluate response actions provide technical advice and regulatory approval when required provide field response to assist local authorities as needed inform the government and the public on its assessment of the situation To continually evaluate and improve its emergency response capabilities, the CNSC participates in simulated incidents in coordination with its licensees and government agencies. The CNSC's Emergency Response Plan is revised regularly to incorporate new elements as a result of lessons learned from exercises and drills. continued 3

4. Resources for More Information on Radiation Protection: CNSC -3 Quoting… The CNSC also maintains a duty officer program to receive reports on actual or potential incidents, and to respond to those seeking emergency information and assistance. The duty officer is available on a 24-hour basis, and is the first point of contact in the event of an emergency. For more information see: –Emergency management at major nuclear facilities –Managing radioactive releases from nuclear power plants –Public alerting systems in case of nuclear emergency Source for this text……… Check this RL, http://nuclearsafety.gc.ca/eng/resources/emergency- management-and-safety/index.cfm 4

5. §1.Radiation protection, who are the key players? Regulators, users and protective staff. 5

6. 6 Who’s Who in Radiation Protection CNSC – Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (fed) -> regulates any user of nuclear substances and radiation sources (NSRS)– examples are: nuclear materials and nuclear radiation sources nuclear power uranium mining large accelerators hospitals and universities Ministry of Labour (prov) X-rays (vet and industrial use), lasers, microwaves, etc. Ministry of Health (prov) Medical X-ray use Health Canada – RPB (fed) multiple radiation concerns– issues guidelines

7. 7 CNSC – Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission CNSC Issues our Licenses to us to use NSRS and operate certain devices in a safe and accountable manner. In particular, our CNSC Consolidated License gives us the privilege to issue Permits to qualified research groups and veterinary college users.

8. The RP Responsibility and Reporting Structure VP Finance Admin and Risk

9. §2: Nuclear Radiation, what is it? 9

10. 10 What’s What in Radiation Categories Ionizing Radiation Energies are high enough to tear electrons from atoms Examples are: nuclear radiations, X-rays and certain UV rays Effects on persons complex; discussed later Non-ionizing Radiation Cannot directly ionize atoms but still potentially hazardous Laser light Microwave and radio Infra-red (heat) Effects of too much exposure are generally scarring and other burn symptoms (blinding = scarring of eye tissue)

11. 11 Ionizing (Nuclear) Radiations vs other radiations Rays from ionizing radiations cause direct damage individually… This CO 2 laser burns only because of the combined effect of trillions of photons…this laser is producing no more power than a weak searchlight!

12. 12 What are Common or Natural Nuclear Radiation Sources? Average annual background in North America = 2-4 mSv

13. Radiations Natural and Un-natural

14. 14 Example of a natural source –“Mother-nature” : our sun – we could be wiped out every 11 years by solar storms if not for our atmosphere and magnetosphere as partial shields:

15. 15 Uses of Radioactivity Medical Imaging and Treatment (x-rays, nuclear medicine,...) Research (pharmaceuticals, DNA, …) Energy Production Archeological/Geological Dating Food Irradiation Soil and Water Testing Industrial Radiography (testing of metal pipes, welds, engines, …) Level Gauges

16. 16 Nuclear Radiations The particles given off in nuclear reaction where an atomic nucleus is unstable and falls apart:

17. 17 Not all Radiations are Penetrating Typical shielding required for each type of radiation - remember: we are largely beta-source users† † referring in particular to labs in the various biological college departments

18. 18 Alpha emitters Most emitters very dangerous only internally. Alphas stopped by sheet of tissue paper. Will not enter tissue through outer layer of skin. The principle hazard from radon.

19. 19 Beta Emitters Most of the “open sources” at University of Guelph are of this type. E.g., tritium, carbon-14, phosphorous-32, etc.

20. 20 Beta emitters Emitters are both an internal and external hazard. Beta range in air and tissue is relatively short†. Easy to shield – heaviest shielding in use is ½ inch plexiglass. Rough level of hazard: intermediate † This varies greatly with particle energy, but for most isotopes is < few mm.

21. 21 Gamma emitters Gammas are very penetrating. Physically identical to X-rays – the term gamma is used when radiation is from a nucleus. Rough level of hazard: high; difficult to shield

22. 22 The Electromagnetic Spectrum or what do gammas and light have in common?

23. 23 Summary Info: Nuclear Radiations Alpha particles = energetic helium nuclei Often high absolute energies (MeV) but non-penetrating nevertheless – typically stopped by one thickness of paper Most dangerous situation is when source is ingested or inhaled For most persons, their only contact with alpha sources will be from natural radon –a hazard in the home! Beta particles = energetic electrons More penetrating – must know energy to establish shielding Weaker-energy sources (e.g., 14C) stopped by cardboard Less effective at biological damage/unit E than alphas Gamma rays or particles = energetic photons Even more penetrating as a rule Must know energy to establish effective shielding, but often require significant thicknesses of lead Less effective than alphas in intrinsic damage/unit E but dangerous because of penetrating power

24. 24 §3. : Dose and Exposure Exposure relates to “strength” of radiation field – defined through measurable ionization effect in air Dose relates to energy deposit in tissue= potential or actual harm received by person

25. 25 Some Definitions: Dose and Exposure -2 Exposure: relates directly to what a survey meter “sees” Common unit is the Roentgen (r) Dose : exposure (survey) meters calibrated to estimate this to tissue from exposure (ionization of a gas) Official units: Gray (Gy) or Seivert (Sv) depending on application

26. 26 Effects of Radiation on People -1 Distinctions: High versus low doses High doses = “Acute Radiation Syndrome” scenarios were doses exceed ~ 100 rad: typical ones are: –Severe nuclear power plant accidents –Certain exposure device accidents –Nuclear weapon explosion or incident “Full-body” case symptoms include –Nausea, cramps and vomiting; –Psychological shock and Confusion; –Later: full shock-like symptoms; blood counts decrease ; GI-tract syndrome; above 1000 rad death probable Mainly FYI: never reasonably expected to occur with sources at U of Guelph!

27. 27 Effects of Radiation on People - 2 High versus low doses Low dose cases = doses received near regulatory thresholds We work to keep far below these thresholds: incidents involving, approaching or mildly exceeding ! mSv/ann are investigated.

28. 28 Effects of Radiation on People - 3 High versus low doses For you (general public): threshold := 1mSv/yr †: –as is the case for almost all Users at UoG too! Have never noted a reading on a User’s dosimeter for open-source lab users For Nuclear Energy Worker (NEW) := 20 mSv/yr –Very few Users need this rating here –One example is certain Vet College staff – they will sometimes show a minor reading after doing certain nuclear radiology procedures †i.e., one thousandth of a Seivert per year

29. 29 Effects of Radiation on People - 4 How do these legal thresholds protect me ? The statutory limits are derived from ICRP† values – coming in turn from a century of study of long term effects of exposures of people and animals to low doses of ionizing radiation. They are based on the perceived acceptance by society of the increment of risk to workers and the public versus a benefit. †International Commission on Radiological Protection

30. 30 Effects of Radiation on People Distinguish risks and harm for “high” versus “low” doses Depends on what part of body is involved Distinguish genetic from somatic effects –Somatic = most of your body cells –Genetic = via germs cells, i.e., sperm or ova

31. 31 Effects of Radiation on People - 5 High versus low doses What happens when I get close to threshold? ANS: you add proportionately to your lifetime (latent) risk of cancer Is this a much bigger risk? ANS: depends on the details, but numerically still very small.

32. 32 Effects of Radiation on People -6 Comparison of exposures and doses Can you give me an indication of how “big” these doses are? ANS: here are some familiar circumstances: –Lowest natural background level on earth, outdoors – 1 mSv/yr ; usually higher levels due to local geology –Mountaineer at Altitude of 10,000 ft – 1.64 mSv/yr or more at solar maximum –One dental film exposure – 2mSv (to head) –One chest X-ray – 5 mSv (to chest) –One fluoroscopy session – as high as 50 mSv rad (local)

33. 33 Rate of Excess Cancers due to Radiation The rate at which our cancer risk rises with exposure is low, but not zero, in the radiation domain in which most of us live. The “risk and detriment” figures have complex dependencies, but a useful pair of overall figures are: Detriments to Adults [ref: ICRP 60] fatal cancersnon-fatal cancers 40 ppm per 1 mSv 8 ppm per 1 mSv

34. 34 The ALARA Principle Means: As Low As Reasonably Achievable The Law establishes dose limits but also demands ALARA practice. Employers and institutions must be able to show why an exposure/dose to persons could not be reasonably smaller in achieving their aims. We work proactively and aggressively to ensure both Users and non-Users of radioactive materials are adequately protected – if you have a concern, address it to the Radiation Safety Officer at Environmental Health and Safety.

35. 35 The Experience at U of G Reminder – no-one (outside of OVC) can purchase such quantities of nuclear substances as would plausibly deliver significant doses even to authorized Users. –Areas with “high–strength” sources are specially secured and alarmed, and are not accessible except to a few qualified personnel. We have never seen the typical nuclear substance User register an actual measurable dose to their person.

36. 36 The Experience in the rest of the World Nasty types with a grievance: Finer points –Cannot set off true nuclear explosives –Will still mess up a place very badly: to the tune of billions opf $ in recovery operations –Can ‘cry fire in the theater…..”

37. The Experience in the rest of the World 2 ….or aeroplane Not so innocent dumps of stolen ‘stash’ or unwanted source (would cost $10K’s for a business to dispose legally….) 37

38. The Experience in the rest of the World 3 Accidents in transport… –Much more small scale material travelling the roads, –a course on TDG7 would be useful supplement to this (e.g, learn your UN numbers; 38

39. The Experience in the rest of the World 4 Site accidents At NPPs, you have the experts present at site Elsewhere you may not… 39

40. 40 §4 :How am I protected at University of Guelph? A Permitting system, which allows only qualified groups to use NSRS† Limitations on quantities possessed by investigators and medical diagnosticians / therapists Shielding and containment Limited access combined with signage Education –this course Faculty and staff must act according to NSC regulations, terms of our License and terms of their Permits THE OVERALL PICTURE † nuclear substances and radiation sources

41. 41 How will I recognize Nuclear Radiation Sources at U of Guelph? Using the proper legal terms, there are two categories of sources: –Radiation sources and devices –Nuclear substances Radiation sources are nuclear substances that are encased in tough containers not meant to be opened. These are often part of devices and therefore inaccessible. Nuclear substances are often loose liquid or solid chemical in vials – meant to be opened for (bio)chemical experiments. We will often refer to these as Nuclear Substances and Radiation Sources, or NSRS

42. 42 Recognizing radiation sources at U of Guelph: The International Symbol This is your universal, international symbol for radiation. - When nuclear substances and radiation sources are around, they will bear this symbol along with the wording “ RADIATION SOURCE or RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS” - Unauthorized persons must NOT enter areas marked with this symbol, especially when accompanied by the warning “ RADIATION AREA”, unless you have received clearance originating with the RSO.

43. 43 The Radiation Symbol There actually exists an CNSC regulation against “frivolous use”. We too wish to reduce unnecessary use, so that when people see.. …they take it seriously

44. 44 Radiation Laboratory categories Federally defined hierarchy for “open source” use; Primary criteria is based on consequence of ingestion of isotope in use; thus for a: –Basic Level Laboratory: MAX 5 ALI† in use or “per vial” at any time –Intermediate Level Laboratory: MAX 50 ALI in use or “per vial” at any time For “sealed sources”, higher limits as a rule apply. Secondary criteria occasionally important too. †Annual Limit of Intake: a reference hazard level defined for any given Isotope, its physical form and mode of internal uptake

45. 45 Signage for Designated Laboratories - 1 Basic Level Labs- required poster ->> –Posted on inside of doors These are open source labs “Open sources” are nuclear substances not permanently enclosed in any way - like lab chemicals

46. 46 Signage for Designated Laboratories - 2 Intermediate Level Labs - required poster ->> These are also “open source” labs Poster will be on exterior of door and accompanied by tre- foil

47. 47 Signage for Designated Laboratories - 3 Sealed Source laboratories : where only (permanently sealed) radiation sources exist; Poster will be on exterior of door and accompanied by appropriately sized tre-foil and contact info. Emergency contacts: 1. RSO at x54888; after hours via police at x5200 2. Prof. John Doe at x12345

48. 48 How shall I behave in a designated Nuclear Lab at U of Guelph? Entry to ILLs is permitted only to Permitted Users : lock settings ensure this restriction. BLL doors are sometimes shared with non- Permitted groups, and are sometimes legitimately left open when occupied : –Your responsibility is to keep away from any locales in the room in which nuclear substances or radiation sources are located… – these will be marked by any appropriately sized tre-foil, e.g., tape, sticker, placard, etc.

49. 49 How shall I behave in a designated Nuclear Lab at U of Guelph? continued Therefore: Even if you have authorization to enter a BLL, you must treat open areas, devices and storage places that are marked with the tre- foil as “hands-off”. For “shared-lab” people : keep to your group’s side.

50. 50 How shall I behave in a designated Nuclear Lab at U of Guelph? continued Simply keep out unless you have a justifiable need to enter –contact the Permit Holder or RSO for permission, OR… If the facility happens to be shared, keep “hands-off” from all sources and heed all supplementary warnings about elevated radiation fields: Radiation Area Example signage for areas where significant rad fields may exist

51. Actual Locations So where are the various nuc radiation labs at U of Guelph? 51 nameplaceFunctionImportant comments Clinac, Varian Clinical Accelerator OVC, Animal Cancer Centre Destroy tumors in animals Big impressive bunker, but radiation only on demand from system – no much to steal. Pelletron, Van de Graff Accelerator Basement of MacNaughton Bombard targets with up to 3 MeV protons Big impressive facility: very tight controls and not much to steal. retired TheratronOVC large animal wing Once used for cancer work Retired but formally considered a theoretical WMD threat

52. Actual Locations: part 2 of 4 So where are the various nuc radiation labs at U of Guelph? 52 nameplaceFunctionImportant comments OVC diagnostic and treatment suites 2 x : i) The Radioiodine Thyroid treatment suite AND ii) the Scintigraphy suite i)Destroying thyroid cancers in animals ii)Evaluating internal organ and musculature problems in horses i)Quite hot from a radioactive perspective on those weeks of operation ii)May be hot for 48 hrs after any use. Most open-source user labs Potentially any of CPES and CBS locales Trace metabolic function in plants and animals Objectively a relatively light rad risk compared

53. Actual Locations: part 3 of 4 So where are the various nuc radiation labs at U of Guelph? 53 nameplaceFunctionImportant comments APXS, i.e., “Mars lander project facilties” 2 x : i) the number 014 room MacN basement AND ii) Certain items in the vault Miniature planetary chemistry lab Use of many hot sources for development and for final device manufacture.

54. Actual Locations: part 4 of 4 So where are the various nuc radiation labs at U of Guelph? 54 nameplaceFunctionImportant comments Storage for sealed sources at MacNaughon vault Basement of MacNaughton Many sources used by the physicists see long term store there A few items – neutron tubs and soil gauges – very dangerous if damaged to point of source exposure

55. §5. Radiation Measurement Instruments We are not born with any faculty to sense ionizing radiation, unless it is at extremely (lethal) high levels – we need instruments to keep us safe as well as to make experimental measurements.

56. Radiation Measurement Instruments - 2 For this course, we enter the world of instrumentation thinking of two major categories laboratory analysis systems dosimetry and survey devices

57. Radiation Measurement Instruments - 3 “Survey devices” are for live-time radiation monitoring- u sually of either CONTAMINATION detection type or DOSE MEASUREMENT type, OR two- in-type function. “Survey devices” as Dose Field meters or Contamination measurement meters: ?

58. Radiation Measurement Instruments – Important Note These items are best for exposure checking: i.e., looking at gamma fields legally speaking, only these are Survey [=Exposure] Instruments Something like this “pancake” probe Is best for open source work –i.e., contamination detection either might be GM-type

59. Radiation Measurement Instruments: Survey devices – 4 Survey/counting devices: …. are most common and GM counters are the most commonly purchased survey instruments bought for biological labs at U of G –Why? We will see that they are by far the most useful overall for simple survey work. Specific technology Gas filled types Proportional counters and chambers Ion chambers Geiger counters = Geiger-Müller = “GM-counters” Solid (xtal) types Scintillation crystals

60. Radiation Measurement Instruments : gas ionization detectors - 5 GM counters are simple representative of the gas-ionization type of detector.

61. Radiation Measurement Instruments : gas ionization detectors - 6 Depending on the voltage we apply to the arrangement shown: –We count just the primary ions generated….

62. Radiation Measurement Instruments : gas ionization detectors - 7 OR –Some intrinsic amplification by a cascade In the “proportional region”

63. Radiation Measurement Instruments : gas ionization detectors - 8 OR –“super” amplification by complete breakdown of the gas In the “Geiger region”

64. Radiation Measurement Instruments: Geigers - 9 This naturally gives us the biggest pulse per event, but… Once the breakdown starts we need a locally present gas or a circuit feature to quench this on going avalanche.

65. Radiation Measurement Instruments - 10 Scintillation detectors Using the ability of radiation to elicit light emission in some materials, especially in solids, we can make another category of radiation detector. Certain crystals, such as NaI, very efficiently convert deposited energy from ionizing radiations into light. - A single medium energy gamma, e.g., from 137-Cs, can produce thousands of photons in passing through a crystal of NaI - If the crystal is large enough (perhaps 4 in in diameter) most incident gammas are hermetically stopped with high efficiency - High atomic number of, e.g., iodine, gives excellent stopping and conversion characteristics

66. Radiation Measurement Instruments - 11 scintillation detectors Typical detector arrangement -

67. Radiation Measurement Instruments - 12 scintillation detectors These detection and analysis systems are generally more expensive than gas-ionization systems, but are essential when spectral data is required.

68. Radiation Measurement Instruments - 13 scintillation detectors Scintillation also probes tend to be the survey detector of choice wherever gammas/X-rays are encountered – e.g., 125-I use.

69. Personal Dosimetry Dosimeters (“classic” technology) –Most distinctive characteristic is that they are all accumulated-exposure devices (“new” tech devices – give live-time rate or accumulated exposure readings) –Generally serviced by third party on a periodic basis –…therefore must wait for results –…but results have official status and are almost always centrally administered

70. Radiation Measurement Instruments - 18 personal dosimetry Personal dosimetry refers to any technology that can accumulate a radiation signal, generally over a long period of time, that is useful for radiation protection of an individual. All devices issued must be controlled and monitored. Must be worn appropriately. Many technologies have been introduced over the years: –some have hung-on as relatively inexpensive devices –others boast high accuracy or ease of use features

71. Radiation Measurement Instruments - 19 personal dosimetry Among the oldest devices are the “pocket dosimeters” –developed during the war (Manhattan project) –military is remaining major user –advantages are Cheap and mass-produce-able Instantly readable by wearer –main disadvantages are Shock sensitive unless “ruggedized” Relatively insensitive by today’s standards Generally imposes manual recording practice on organization

72. Radiation Measurement Instruments - 20 pocket dosimeters

73. Radiation Measurement Instruments - 21 personal dosimetry Still most common are personally worn “badges”: we have –“classic” film badges –ThermoLuminescent Dosimeter badges - TLDs

74. Radiation Measurement Instruments - 22 personal dosimetry I our case (at UoG) these are strictly: –issued according to applicable federal/provincial statute and possible special risk considerations –Administered by EHS (VTH has had in-house programs as well) So far, there has been no need for other than TLD type: –universally applicable if correct sub-category chosen e.g., neutron type, gamma/X-ray,… or even all of the above

75. Radiation Measurement Instruments - 23 personal dosimetry In our case (at UoG): –TLDs are provided to: 32-P users, especially in ring form -> often to 125-I users any gamma or x-ray people –results come back every 90 days by default –results are scrutinized by the RSO (or VTH Rad Chief), and notices sent out only if elevated reading reported by NDS Data can be evidence for an investigation in case of a problem

76. Evolution of dosimetry –new OSL, Optically Stimulated Luminescence based badges: Radiation Measurement Instruments - 24 personal dosimetry NDS and Landauer examples

77. Radiation Measurement Instruments - 25 external vs internal Clearly these devices and methods are meant for checking on external radiation levels How is the issue of exposure form potential internal contamination dealt with?

78. Radiation Measurement Instruments - 26 lab and internal contamination Naturally the best protection from contamination to begin with is good lab practice, including: –proper use of PPE such as gloves and splash shields –washing hands –good fumehood practice if materials are volatile NOTE THAT WORK WITH ANY LOFTABLE RADIOACTIVE DUSTS and PARTICLES is to be avoided – as a rule purchase of such sources prohibited in the case of alpha emitters How is such contamination checked?

79. Radiation Measurement Instruments - 27 lab and internal contamination To know that your bench and equipment is not contaminated, you must complement survey meter readings with “swipe testing”. Suspect surfaces are wiped with a tissue or filter paper circle: –most moveable contamination will transfer to the paper –the paper is then placed into a vial and assayed on a Liquid Scintillation Counter….

80. Radiation Measurement Instruments - 27b lab and internal contamination The wipe test….Suspect surfaces are wiped with a tissue or filter paper circle: –most moveable contamination will transfer to the paper –the paper is then placed into a vial and assayed on a Liquid Scintillation Counter….

81. Radiation Measurement Instruments - 28 LSC counting LSC counting can be a complex subject, especially if high accuracy work is important. –this is less critical for PP purposes, but the machine must still give reliable responses –we need only a rudimentary idea of how it works

82. Radiation Measurement Instruments - 29 LSC counting LSC counting can be remarkably sensitive –that is why it is valuable for contamination work in- lieu of very expensive field equipment (e.g., “homeland security” devices) –and this is why…

83. Radiation Measurement Instruments - 32 lab and internal contamination Summary of Contamination survey methods: –Geiger instrument as “standby instrument” and sweeps For initial surveys, live time assessment and location of fixed contamination OTHER THAN 3 H –Swipe or wipe testing For regular weekly checks of identified potential “hot- spots” in your lab and other processing areas Standardized reporting: use RSOF-807 For assessing spills incidents Anytime 3 H must be detected

84. 84 §6. Emergency Actions section Know the TDS rule: as a universal set of precautions, the following are always applicable if the situation allows – –Decrease TIME near a source, –Increase DISTANCE from a source, –Deal with sources after DECAY if possible –Use SHIELDING where not cumbersome

85. Realistic Police/EMS/Fire security actions - 1 85 Given all of the above information, what can we realistically allow emergency responders to do in an emergency where radioactives are involved? The answer will depend on the nature of the call-out or emergency – indeed this is spelled out to some extent in our RSOG group of documents (provided):

86. Realistic Police/EMS/Fire security actions - 2 86 Many scenarios - A sensible break down of circumstances could be: 1.Indication of simple break-in and theft – thief gone : higher risk facility; 2.Indication of break-in and theft – thief on the premises : higher risk facility 3.Security issue at low level lab; (e.g. BLL); 4.‘B-cubed’ (Breath, Blood and Bone) type emergencies and fire- …..some of which can mix of course!

87. Realistic Police/EMS/Fire security actions - 3 87 Our happiest scenario is the ‘standard false door alarm’: If called-out to attend, approach carefully and assume an external guarding position if this is clearly the case. Hazards in approaching would come from dropped and compromised rad sources. CAUTION: Mars project site has high rad alarm – we assume high levels of contaminant in the air. Cordoning only advisable if room still secure.

88. Realistic Police/EMS/Fire security actions - 4 88 In cases #1.-3. above the problem is to stop or speedily investigate a loss, BALANCED against any risk of exposure to personnel. Cases 1. and 2., at higher risk locales, might involve a breached or compromised source – BUT would not be a ‘BROKEN- ARROW movie’ scenario. Could potentially involve a thief carrying a hot source. ????????

89. Realistic Police/EMS/Fire security actions - 5 89 Your judgement will be key and actions could depend on whether or not you have a rad detector to guide you. The determined criminal (terrorist) wanting rad will not be stopped except at high risk. Call to cordon off can evolve into need to call in special-ops-level help in the most extreme scenario.

90. Shipping and transport scenarios -6 90 Shipping of nuclear wastes NOT yet happening in Canada; Shipping of sterilizers and (used) therapeutic systems still only cases of very strong source that might be on the roads here;

91. Shipping and transport scenarios -7 91 Far more common are: –Soil gauges and other nuclear geophysics, civil engineering and construction tools: –Radiographic inspection tools: –Of course the myriad of lower risk (e.g., Roman II or III type) lab supplies carried by UPS, etc., as mentioned above: Some common numbers next slide……

92. UN 2909 7 Radioactive material, excepted package-articles manufactured from natural or depleted uranium or natural thorium UN 2910 7 Radioactive material, excepted package-limited quantity of material UN 2911 7 Radioactive material, excepted package-instruments or articles UN 2912 7 Radioactive material, low specific activity (LSA-I) [non fissile or fissile-excepted] UN 2913 7 Radioactive material, surface contaminated objects (SCO-I or SCO-II) [non fissile or fissile-excepted] UN 2914 - (UN No. no longer in use) UN 2915 7 Radioactive material, Type A package [non-special form, non fissile or fissile-excepted] UN 2916 7 Radioactive material, Type B(U) package [non fissile or fissile-excepted] UN 2917 7 Radioactive material, Type B(M) package [non fissile or fissile-excepted] UN 2918 7 Radioactive material, fissile, n.o.s. UN 2919 7 Radioactive material, transported under special arrangement, [non fissile or fissile excepted] 92 continues

93. UN 3321 7 Radioactive material, low specific activity (LSA-II), non- fissile or fissile excepted UN 3322 7 Radioactive material, low specific activity (LSA-III), non- fissile or fissile excepted UN 3323 7 Radioactive material, Type C package, non-fissile or fissile excepted UN 3324 7 Radioactive material, low specific activity (LSA-II), fissile UN 3325 7 Radioactive material, low specific activity (LSA-III), fissile UN 3326 7 Radioactive material, surface contaminated objects (SCO-I or SCO-II), fissile UN 3327 7 Radioactive material, Type A package, fissile, non-special form UN 3328 7 Radioactive material, Type B (U) package, fissile UN 3329 7 Radioactive material, Type B (M) package, fissile UN 3330 7 Radioactive material, Type C package, fissile UN 3331 7 Radioactive material, transported under special arrangements, fissile UN 3332 7 Radioactive material, Type A package, special form, non- fissile or fissile excepted UN 3333 7 Radioactive material, Type A package, special form, fissile 93

94. Nuclear emergencies: contact info -1 94 Emergency Phone 613-995-0479, the CNSC duty officer emergency telephone line, in the event of an emergency involving a nuclear facility or radioactive materials, including: any accident involving a nuclear reactor, nuclear fuel facility, or radioactive materials lost or damaged radioactive materials any threat, theft, smuggling, vandalism or terrorist activity involving a nuclear facility or radioactive materials The CNSC Duty Officer emergency telephone line is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. #1. #2. MOE, CanuTec, City of Guelph - as appropriate and as per established TDG7 protocols particular to Fire/EMS. NB: RSOs with Licensees such as Guelph General and UoG will likely call CNSC from onsite situations on their own.

95. Nuclear emergencies: contact info -2 95 contact with our provincial EMO- Your current CBRN participation For prior planning: