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What is art history? Art history is the record of art from past to present Ever since there have been human beings, there has been art – paintings, drawings,

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Presentation on theme: "What is art history? Art history is the record of art from past to present Ever since there have been human beings, there has been art – paintings, drawings,"— Presentation transcript:

1 What is art history? Art history is the record of art from past to present Ever since there have been human beings, there has been art – paintings, drawings, sculptures, and decorative objects. Art tells us what people in the past were like – what their culture was like - their beliefs, ideas, and the way they lived.

2 “Paleo” means old “Lithic” means stone Paleolithic= Old Stone Age. This era was called the stone age because early man used stone to make his tools and weapons. Paleolithic man lived in groups called clans. These clans got their food by Hunting and Gathering Once the food supply ran out they would move to a different area. Because they moved from place to place they were Nomadic. Essential Knowledge Were Nomadic: Wandered from place to place in search of food and shelter Invented the first tools and weapons including simple stone tools. Lived in groups called clans of about 20-30 people, used caves for shelter. Learned to make and control fire to keep warm and cook their food. Developed oral, or spoken language Made cave art and statues. The role of men was to do the hunting The role of women was gathering and caring for children

3 Gathering was a more reliable source of food and so in Paleolithic society it is thought that it may have been Matriarchal, or female dominated. Women were often seen at the time as symbols of life and fertility. Many ancient religions were centered around the worship of the earth and the woman was often representative of the earth and life because of the fact that women gave birth. Early ideas about religion are often called sympathetic magic. It is thought that early man often drew, or made representations of what he/she wanted to happen. Fertility statues for having many children, paintings of successful hunts etc.

4 Cave Art Man has created art for a very long time. There is some argument as to what this art was for. Was it art as art, or art as a form of religion?

5 The Mesolithic Age Between the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras there was a transitionary stage known as the Mesolithic age where there was a gradual shift from the old food-gathering and hunting economy to a food-producing one. There was also a gradual taming of animals, these changes led to a new period, the Neolithic age.

6 “Neo” means new “Lithic” means stone Neolithic means new stone age. The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution was the change from the Paleolithic period to the Neolithic Period. The thing that allowed for this change was the discovery of agriculture. It is thought that women discovered agriculture. Systematic Agriculture was the consistent growing of crops on a continuing basis. Domestication of Animals: In addition to growing crops Neolithic man also tamed animals for hunting (dogs) and other animals for their food such as sheep, cows, etc... Developed Agriculture Domesticated Animals Used Advanced Stone Tools Developed Weaving (better clothing) Made Pottery (for food storage)

7 Monument begun in the Neolithic age and finished in the Bronze Age Located on the Salisbury Plain in England What it may have looked like at completion

8 Ancient Art Era: 15,000- 5000 BC Art: Cave paintings Media: Charcoal, Dirt, Pictographic writing, pottery wheel, early paints World: Civilizations of: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Minoan Prehistoric people made paints by mixing vegetable, plant and earth pigments together with water or animal fat. These early paints took their colors from the earth and included mostly browns, reds and blacks. The Egyptians imported some of their pigments from as far away as India and made paints that are more like the paints of today. These paints were made of crudely refined pigments, natural resins and drying oils. The Romans learned how to make paints from the Egyptians, though most of the art of making paint was lost after the fall of the Roman Empire. IMany of them, however, liked to keep their paint recipes and techniques a secret, which meant that the knowledge of making a specific paint or color often died with its creator. The manufacture of paint on a commercial level began in Europe and the United States during the 1700's. Today, artists use many kinds of paint, including watercolor, tempera, oil and acrylic. Cave painting, Lascaux, France, 15,000 -10,000 BC

9 Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt developed along the banks of the Nile River 3000 years B.C. Religion was a huge influence. Pharaohs (rulers) were worshipped as gods. The famous pyramids of Egypt were built as tombs for the pharaohs. Egyptians believed in life after death and prepared for living in the afterlife. Egyptian artists followed strict rules to decorate temples and tombs. –Each part of body had to be shown from the most visible angle. This is why you see the heads, arms, legs, and feet in profile while the shoulders and eyes are seen from a frontal view. –Scenes from the life of the person being buried were depicted. –Size indicated social hierarchy.

10 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia was the fertile crescent of land between the Tigris and Euphrates river. The first important group in the area were the Sumerians (around 2700 B.C.) Sumerians were the first people to have a system of writing called cuneiform, made up of wedge-shaped characters. Sumerian artwork was more realistic than the Egyptians.

11 China Ancient China was in the Yellow River valley This is the oldest continuous culture in the history of the world. History of China until modern times was divided into dynasties. A dynasty was a period of time during which a single family provided a succession of rulers. The first dynasty was the Shang dynasty around 1300 B.C.

12 China (300 B.C. to modern times) China adopted Buddhism during Han dynasty (206 B.C. to A.D. 220) that stressed the oneness of human beings with nature. Chinese artists found that long periods of meditation enabled them to perceive the beauty of an object or scene, and enabled them to capture that beauty in their painting. Paintings were on scrolls of parchment or silk. Sculpture was for religious purposes and to honor the dead. During the Sung dynasty, porcelain objects were made of fine-grained white clay called kaolin. Work in porcelain reached its high point during the Ming dynasty.

13 India (300 B.C. to A.D. 1200) The art of India has been strongly influenced by the Hindu and Buddhist religions. Buddhism was predominant from 300 B.C. to 50 A.D. Hinduism became dominant after that. Hinduism has three primary processes in life and in the universe, each represented by a god. –Creation – Brahma, the Creator is the god. –Preservation – Vishnu, the Preserver is the god. –Destruction – Shiva, the Destroyer is the god. India exported its religions to the rest of Asia

14 Art of Greece and Rome Greece was the birthplace of Western civilization. The Greeks built temples in honor of their gods. The most outstanding example is the Parthenon. The Greeks believed in a logical, harmonious world. They sought perfect proportion in everything (building, sculpture and music) by following formulas. Originally statues were painted – the Greeks loved color. All we see now is the white of the marble.

15 Art of Greece and Rome When Roman emperor Constantine legalized Christianity during the 4 th century, Christians were able to build their own churches (based on Roman design). Interiors of these churches were decorated with mosaics (pictures made by arranging small pieces of colored glass or tile in a grout mixture).

16 Art of Greece and Rome Another style of art developed in the eastern part of the Roman empire was called Byzantine art (named after the city Byzantium). This style blended Greek, Roman, and Asian styles, had a religious theme, and used very rich colors and figures that were flat and stiff.

17 Pre-historic or Stone Age Art The first known period of prehistoric human culture, during which work was done with stone tools. The period began with the earliest human development, about 2 million years ago. It is divided into three periods:period culturestone 1. Paleolithic – Old Stone Age 2. Mesolithic – Middle Stone Age 3. Neolithic – New Stone Age Head of a Woman (Siberia) Carved in mammoth ivory, 3 inches long Malta, Central Siberia, middle period

18 Prehistoric Art - Paleolithic (2 million years ago-13,000 BC.) Paleolithic or "Old Stone Age" is a term used to define the oldest period in the human history. Key art notes are the following: Stone engraving Ivory carvings Caves with large canvases Miniature female sculptures

19 Thirty radiocarbon datings made in the cave have shown that it was frequented at two different periods. Most of the images were drawn during the first period, between 30,000 and 32,000 BP in radiocarbon years. Some people came back between 25,000 to 27,000 and left torch marks and charcoal on the ground. Some human footprints belonging to a child may date back to the second period. Chauvet Cave (ca. 30,000 B.C.)

20 France, c.15,500 BCE

21 The Venus of Willendorf was carved from oolitic limestone, and was covered with a thick layer of red ochre when found. The figurine was unearthed during the Wachau railway construction in 1908. Venus of Willendorf c. 24,000-22,000 BCE 4 3/8 inches (11.1 cm) high Being both female and nude, she fit perfectly into the patriarchal construction of the history of art. As the earliest known representation, she became the "first woman," acquiring a sort of Ur-Eve identity that focused suitably, from a patriarchal point of view, on the fascinating reality of the female body. Christopher L. C. E. Witcombe

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23 Pre-Historic Art - Mesolithic The Mesolithic period, or Middle Stone Age, began at the end of the last glacial era, over 10,000 years ago. Cultures included gradual domestication of plants and animals, formation of settled communities. Artwork in the period includes: use of the bow development of delicate stone microliths pottery Stylized cave paintings Sculptures

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25 Pre-Historic – Neolithic refers to the "new stone age," generally reflecting the use of stone tools with some use of metals and with people settling into permanent communities, the development of agriculture, and animal husbandry. Artworks during this period are: Portable art Enhances precious metal Sculpture, statues, pottery Primitive jewelry Decorative artifacts

26 Stonehenge – England - 3200 BCE Modern theories speculate that the stones were dragged by roller and sledge from the inland mountains to the headwaters of Milford Haven. There they were loaded onto rafts, barges or boats and sailed along the south coast of Wales, then up the Rivers Avon and Frome to a point near present-day Frome in Somerset. From this point, so the theory goes, the stones were hauled overland, again, to a place near Warminster in Wiltshire, approximately 6 miles away. From there, it's back into the pool for a slow float down the River Wylye to Salisbury, then up the Salisbury Avon to West Amesbury, leaving only a short 2 mile drag from West Amesbury to the Stonehenge site.SomersetWarminster Amesbury

27 The Cosquer Cave: The Hands Fifty-five hand prints have been found in the cave, giving a moving documentation of human life in the Paleolithic era. They were drawn as negative (stencils) and as positive (hands coated with pigment and then applied to the rock) images.

28 Male and female figures from Cernavoda, Romania ca. 3500 B.C.E.

29 Neolithic pottery with incised design As for pottery, it began replacing stone and wood utensils at a rapid pace, and also become more highly decorated.

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31 Bronze Age The demand for copper and tin increased dramatically in the early Bronze Age as copper alloys were increasingly used in tools and weapons (3 rd millennium). Bronze is a hard alloy of copper and tin, very durable, and consequently well suited to the manufacture of weapons and tools. 31

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33 Bronze Age As the Bronze Age gave way to the Iron Age, bronze continued to be used widely in manufacture and the demand for copper and tin actually increased as the Mediterranean region developed an appetite for both metals. 33

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36 Iron Age By about 1200 B.C. ironwork began to supplant bronze as the metal of choice, naturally occurring in many regions and from many sources for it was more widely available and kept a better edge than bronze. although bronze continued to be the metal of choice for decorated objects. From the Bronze Age through to the early Iron Age the mining of metals intensified as witnessed by the large quantities of artefacts such as tools and weapons that have survived. 36

37 The Celtic Iron Age 37

38 Style: Egyptian Art Era: 1000 BC Art: Dipylon vase Media: Papyrus World: Jerusalem founded Ancient Egyptian civilization lasted longer than any other in history—from 3000 B.C. to 50 B.C. The Nile River valley's rich resources allowed the ancient Egyptian culture to thrive for nearly 3000 years. Surrounding deserts helped keep Egypt safe from invasion until its fall under the ancient Greeks and Romans. The ancient Egyptians are best known for their pyramids and mummies. They also developed hieroglyphic writing, created beautiful sculptures and paintings, and made the first 365 day calendar. By studying the human body, they learned about surgery, antiseptics and the circulatory system. Wall painting of Queen Nefertari Ramesses II was an Egyptian pharaoh. He lived from c. 1314 BC to 1224 BC Sobek, fertility god of ancient Egypt. Egyptian paintings from the time of Ramses III

39 Style: Greek Era: 400 BC Art: Acropolis, Grecian urns World: Greece’s Golden Age, Alexander the Great Greek architecture is famous for its temples. These temples were often only big enough to house a cult statue and were not meant to be places for large gatherings of people. A typical Greek temple had a long, inner chamber surrounded by columns. There were three main types of columns: the simple Doric, the graceful Ionic and the ornate Corinthian. Greek sculpture portrayed gods and goddesses as well as mortal humans. Over the centuries, Greek artists became better at showing their subjects in more active poses, and more lifelike as well. Most of what we know of Greek painting comes from the work we have on pottery. We also know it from writings and Roman copies of Greek artwork. The most common subjects for these artists were scenes from mythology and everyday life.

40 Style: Roman Era: 200 BC- 100 AD Art: Nike of Amothrace, Pompeii wall art Media: Chinese invent paper, Quill pen World: Rome dominates Near East- Peak of Roman Empire The Romans adopted much from Greek architecture, but they created their own style as well. The Romans created new types of structures, such as public baths and amphitheaters. Romans also developed two things that let them build larger structures than the Greeks had: the arch and the aqueduct. The arch eliminated the need for columns to support heavy roofs. Using arches, the Romans could build huge buildings (such as the Pantheon), long bridges, and long aqueducts that carried water to Roman cities. The Romans also invented concrete, a strong and cheap building material for their arches, walls and vaults. Roman painting and sculpture also borrowed from the Greeks. Greek art portrayed lifelike, though idealized, human subjects. Roman sculptures created works that reflected the subject’s individual personality. Roman artists also illustrated important events by carving scenes on large monuments, tall columns and other public spaces. The art of portraiture was very popular during this time. At first, only the rich had portraits painted of their important male ancestors. But as portrait painting became more accessible, modest citizens, as well as women and children, had their portraits made. Pompeii wall art Pantheon in Rome, Italy

41 Style: Byzantine Era: 400 AD Art: Linisfarne Gospels Media: Papermaking introduced from China World: Rome falls- Charlemagne Byzantine art flourished from about 300 A.D to the 1400s. It grew out of the early Christian world. It took its name from the capital city of the Roman Empire: Byzantium (later renamed Constantinople, then Istanbul when the Ottomans captured the city in 1453). Byzantine art was very religious. Most Byzantine art was created for the Eastern Orthodox Church. Much Byzantine art was made by servants of the courts or members of religious orders. Most of these artists remained anonymous. Mosaics and paintings covered the domes of many churches. They were often made of precious materials such as lapis lazuli, gold and silver. Byzantine artists had to follow many rules about subject matter, content, and form. Symbolic representation was very important in Byzantine art. The subjects appear flat and fairly abstract compared to the liveliness and individualism of Western art because Byzantine artists used little shading or other techniques that would have made their subjects more lifelike. Miniatures of the 6th- century Rabula Gospel display the more abstract and symbolic nature of Byzantine art. Mosaic from the church of Hagios Demetrios in Thessaloniki, late 7th or early 8th century,

42 Style: Romanesque Era: 1000 AD Art: Bayeux Tapestry Media: Paper first manufactured in Europe, Tempera, Fresco,Ink World: Normans invade England Romanesque art in Western Europe was popular from about 800 A.D. to the 1100s. The name Romanesque indicates a style like that of the ancient Romans. That description is not entirely accurate, however, since Roman art was only one of many sources that inspired this period. Romanesque art reflected the political and religious climate of the times. Europe was in upheaval, both from invading tribes and among the religions of the time: Catholicism, the Russian Orthodox Church, and Islam. Romanesque buildings had to be designed for defense, so cathedrals were massive in size. Romanesque cathedrals were also built in the shape of a Latin cross. They were decorated with stone sculptures depicting Biblical scenes. The walls portrayed religious subjects and were painted in fresco, a durable style of painting done on wet plaster. Most Romanesque painting took the form of church murals and illuminated manuscripts, or books. There are few Romanesque murals left, since they suffered from fading, damp air, dirt and bad restoration. And as people’s tastes changed, they scraped away or replaced old murals with new works. Most of the murals that have survived over the centuries are only fragments. Illuminated manuscript Pórtico da Gloria, Santiago. The colouring once common to much Romanesque sculpture has been preserved. The "Morgan Leaf", detatched from the Winchester Bible of 1160-75.

43 Romanesque The Middle Ages began with the conquest of Rome in 476. The Christian religion became a dominant force at this time in Europe. Life was now centered around churches. The churches grew in size and political importance. During this time, new churches were built in the Romanesque style. These churches were massive in size, had solid, heavy walls made possible by the support of the Roman arch, and had many sculptural decorations. Up until this time, buildings could not be very large because there was no way to support the weight of the roof and the walls. The development of the Roman arch allowed buildings (especially churches) to get larger and allow more people to congregate, thus increasing the power of the church even more.

44 Style: Romanesque Era: 1000 AD Media: Fresco Fresco ("Fresh" in Italian) was a common painting technique in Gothic art and during the early Renaissance. It was a favorite technique for painting enormous murals on church or home walls. In fresco, artists first spread wet plaster onto the wall. Then, while the plaster is still wet, the artist applies the pigment directly onto the plaster, mixing and spreading it quickly. Fresco artists must paint quickly—once the plaster dries, the paint becomes part of the wall and the painting cannot be changed.

45 Style: Romanesque Era: 1000 AD Media: Tempera Tempera or "egg tempera" is a type of paint made by mixing powered pigments with egg yolks. Tempera pigments usually came from natural sources such as minerals, wood, plants or clay. Because tempera dried right away, artists had to apply it quickly with small brushstrokes. Rapid drying also made it difficult to change or correct the painting later. Tempera is the oldest paint known. It was used in wall paintings of ancient Egypt, Babylonia and Greece. Tempera remained popular, especially in early Renaissance Italy, until the 15th century, when oil paints were developed. Today's tempera paints are very different than tempera paints of the past. The "tempera" paints many of us use in school are not made by grinding pigments and cracking eggs. Bottled "tempera" paints are popular paints for elementary students and above because of their bright, washable colors.

46 Style: Gothic Era: 1250 AD Artists: Giottino,Martinni Media: Revival of paintmaking World: Magna Carta Gothic art developed in the late Middle Ages. It lasted from about 1150 A.D. to 1400. Italian Renaissance scholars named this style "Gothic" because they thought it was barbaric and uncivilized—like the Goths who invaded Italy in the 400s. Some of the best-known examples of Gothic art are Gothic cathedrals. Gothic architecture is known for its gigantic size and height. The invention of the flying buttresses in about 1175 made these large buildings possible. Flying buttresses reduced the amount of solid wall space needed for support and made it possible to have large stained glass windows. Gothic sculpture was mostly used to decorate the doorways of cathedrals. It often showed figures and scenes from the Bible's Old Testament. It differed from Romanesque sculpture in that it was grander, calmer and closer to human scale. The Western (Royal) Portal at Chartres Cathedral (ca. 1145). These architectural statues are the earliest Gothic sculptures and were a revolution in style and the model for a generation of sculptors. Simone Martini (1285–1344) Giottino (fl. 1324 – 1369))

47 Vocabulary: 1.petroglyph - a design chiseled or chipped out of a rock surface 2.pictograph - a design painted on a rock surface 3.rock art panel - a group of pictograph and/or pictograph figures 4.nomadic - having no fixed home and wanders from place to place in search of food 5.ritual - set form or way of conducting a ceremony 6.prehistoric - before written history 7.murals - picture painted on a wall 8.excavations - holes made by digging or hollowing out 9.polychrome - decorated in a variety of colors 10.incised - carved or engraved 11.hominid - member of a family of two-footed, erect mammals, of which modern man is the only survivor 12.Homo sapiens - scientific name for modern humans 13.Paleolithic - period of early human culture in which chipped or flaked stone tools were made and used 14.Neanderthal - extinct species of prehistoric man who lived in caves in Europe, North Africa, and western and central Asia


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