3. Click on a lesson name to select. Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Section 1: Cellular Growth Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 3: Cell Cycle Regulation

4. Click on a lesson name to select. Q: Why are cells limited to being small in size? (use SA/Vol ratio in answer)

5. 9.1 Cellular Growth Ratio of Surface Area to Volume Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction

6. Transport of Substances  Substances move by diffusion or by motor proteins.  Diffusion over large distances is slow and inefficient. Cellular Reproduction  Small cells maintain more efficient transport systems. Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth

7. Cellular Reproduction  Why are cells limited to being small in size?  As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area.  The cell might have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling enough waste products. Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth

8. The Cell Cycle  Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large.  It also is the way the cell reproduces so that you grow and heal certain injuries. Cellular Reproduction  Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the cell cycle. Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth

9. Q: Draw the cell cycle, putting steps in correct order, and explain briefly what happens in each stage / substage:

10.  I. Interphase is the stage during which the cell grows, carries out cellular functions, and replicates. (G1, S, G2)  II. M Phase  Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide. (ProMAT) Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth  Cytokinesis is the method by which a cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell.

11. Cell Cycle

12. Interphase: a. G1: Growth 1, cells make organelles, make more cytoplasm, cell “does its thing”

13. b. S: Synthesis phase, Cell makes copy of DNA in anticipation of mitosis

14. c. G2: Growth 2, cells make proteins and organelles needed for mitosis and cytokinesis

15. M Phase Mitosis: Duplicated DNA is divided. One set goes to each side. “ProMAT”

16. Cytokinesis: Cell divides in two

17. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 9.1 Cellular Growth

19. Product Assignment: Cell cycle Concept Map Make a Inspiration concept map of the Cell Cycle Things to include: Interphase phases (G1, S, G2). M Phase sub-phases (stages of mitosis and Cytokinesis). A work: Image icons (not just plain boxes) used for >85% of terms All connectors have a linking phrase on the line (causes, opposes, includes, etc)

21. Q: Describe how DNA is packaged into a chromosome

22. Chromosomes -DNA is stored in structures called Chromosomes -Condensed chromosomes only form when the cell is dividing Normally DNA is in a looser form called CHROMATIN

24. Q: What is the difference between haploid and diploid? Use a sketch (or two) in your answer.

25. Some organisms (species) are diploid -This means they have two copies of each unique (or different chromosome) Ex. Humans: 46 total chromosomes 23 unique or different chromosomes (one comes from each parent) Haploid vs. Diploid

26. We have 46 total chromosomes We have 23 unique chromosomes On each pair of chromosomes are genes for the same traits in the same order Mom’s Chrom. #1 Dad’s Chrom. #1 Gene for hair color Dad’s codes for brown Gene for hair color Mom’s codes for red

27. Some organisms (species) are haploid -This means they have only 1 copy of each unique (or different) chromosome ex. Fungi are haploid Haploid vs. Diploid They only have one copy of each chromosome and must reproduce through different means than do most organisms

28. The term “chromosome” is ambiguous -Meanings: A. How many unique chromosomes an organism has (chrom # =?) B. One unreplicated chromosome (half of “X” AKA chromatid) C. One replicated chromosome (“X”)

29. Ambig. Chromosome meaning A. - Each species has a characteristic chromosome #...”How many chromosomes does the creature have?” Humans have a chrom # of 46 Camels have 70 King crab has 208 (46 total) 2n=46 n=23 Mosquito has 6

30. Honest Abe should have more chromosomes than a crab! I don’t care if it is giant!

31. Q: Draw a diploid set of chromosomes in an unreplicated state:

32. Ambig. Chromosome meaning B. -Unreplicated chromosomes Chrom. 3 from Mom Chrom 3 from Dad This is how chromosome would be in G1 Interphase

33. Q: Draw a diploid set of chromosomes in a replicated state:

34. Ambig. Chromosome meaning C. -Replicated chromosomes Chrom. #5 from Mom Chrom. #5 from Dad This is one replicated Chrom. from either mom or dad Mistake students make: One half of above is from mom, the other half from dad **Not true** Two copies of mom’s and dad’ because cell is getting ready for mitosis Each half of mom’s “X” (and dad’s) is called a chromatid

35. This is state chromosomes are in from S phase through mid Mitosis (until chromatids are pulled apart to be delivered to new cells that form Replicated chromosomes

36. DNA goes from chromatin to chromosomes during Prophase DNA as chromatin

38. Q Explain the purpose (“what’s the point?”) of Mitosis:

39. 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cellular Reproduction The Stages of Mitosis  Prophase  The cell’s chromatin tightens into densely packed chromosomes.  Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere.  Spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm. Chapter 9

40. Cellular Reproduction  The nuclear envelope seems to disappear.  Spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids. Chapter 9 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

41. Q List the stages of mitosis in order and then briefly describe what happens in each:

42. Mitosis = “ProMAT” Stage 1: Prophase Lumpy Chromosomes become visible Chromosomes go from chromatin to chromosomes in this phase

43. Cellular Reproduction Metaphase  Sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell.  They line up in the middle of the cell. Chapter 9 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

44. Mitosis = “ProMAT” Stage 2: Metaphase Chromosomes line up at cell “equator”waiting to be pulled apart to 2 new cells

45. Cellular Reproduction Anaphase  The microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten.  The sister chromatids separate.  The chromosomes move toward the poles of the cell. Chapter 9 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

46. Mitosis = “ProMAT” Stage 3: Anaphase Chromosomes are being pulled a part / “reeled in” by the 2 ends of the new cells

47. Cellular Reproduction Telophase  The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax. (i.e. DNA into Chromatin form  Nucleus reforms at each end of cell  The spindle apparatus disassembles. Chapter 9 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

48. Mitosis = “ProMAT” Stage 4: Telophase Chromosomes are separated to 2 ends of new cells Cytokinesis usually begins now

49. Pro Met Ana Telo

50. 1 interphase 3 early prophase 4 mid prophase 5 late prophase 7 early anaphase 8 anaphase 9 early telophase 2 interphase / beginn ing prophase 6 metaphase 10 telophase

51. Cellular Reproduction Cytokinesis  In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch, the cytoplasm.  In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell plate, forms. Chapter 9 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

52. Cytokinesis: - Cell physically splits into 2 new cells now that DNA is divided -Cytoskeleton proteins tighten like belt to pinch cell in two

53. Onion cell mitosis lab

55. Q Define what apoptosis is and describe the 3main scenarios in which it would happen in your body:

57. Cellular Reproduction Apoptosis = Programmed cell death (AKA “cell suicide”)  Cells going through apoptosis actually shrink, shrivel, and die in a controlled process.  Apoptosis is used for:  Cells infected with viruses kill self to protect other cells  Mutated cells kill self before they can become cancerous  Embryologic cells that aren’t in adult (web fingers) Chapter 9

58. Cancerous cells show Loss of apoptosis : –When normal cell suffers high DNA damage or gets infected by a virus it kills itself. Cancer cells lose this protective feature. –(peeling sunburn = cells that had DNA damage and killed themselves so as not to become cancerous)

59. Cellular Reproduction Quality Control Checkpoints  The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints that monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong.  Spindle checkpoints also have been identified in mitosis. Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Main checkpoint

61. Cellular Reproduction Causes of Cancer  The changes that occur in the regulation of cell growth and division of cancer cells are due to mutations. (caused by carcinogens)  Various environmental factors can affect the occurrence of cancer cells.  Radiation (ex. UV Light!!)  Tobacco smoke  Human papilloma virus (HPV) Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation Carcinogen Warning

62. Cellular Reproduction Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer  Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells. Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation

63. How does cancer hurt people? Cancer kills by “getting in the way” not through toxins or “attacking” other cells  Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normal cells, resulting in the loss of that tissue’s function.

64. Terminology Cancerous: cell that is in uncontrolled / continuous mitosis and cytokinesis Benign tumor: cells divide too much but can’t invade other tissues Malignant tumor: cells growing abnormally and can invade nearby tissue Metastasis: Malignant cells break away and travel through blood to other area Carcinogens: A cancer causing substance or agent (tobacco smoke, radiation.

65. Describe (list) the kinds of things scientists think need to happen in order to turn a regular cell into the worst type of cancer cell:

66. Origin of Cancer cells Several mutations (~7-8) are thought to be needed to turn a cell cancerous –Two key types of genes that if mutated could cause cell to become cancerous: –A. Tumor Suppressor gene : gene that results in a protein that stops cell division –B. Proto-Oncogene : gene that results in a protein that starts cell division

67. Normal cells show Contact inhibition of cell division. –Cultured cells normally divide until they form a single layer on the inner surface of the culture container. –If a gap is created, the cells will grow to fill the gap.

68. Most animal cells also exhibit anchorage dependence for cell division. –To divide they must be anchored to a substratum, typically the extracellular matrix of a tissue. Cancer cells are free of both density- dependent inhibition and anchorage dependence.

69. Q Explain the difference between benign cancer cells and malignant cancer cells

70. Progression form normal cell to cancerous cell

71. To become (worst) Cancerous: 1. Lose tumor suppressor gene (loose brakes) 2. Turn a proto-oncogene into an an oncogene (apply gas) 3. Lose Contact inhibition (grow into clump) 4. Lose Anchorage dependance (metastasize) 5. Lose Apoptosis gene (don’t kill selves) How many years of smoking does it take for all of these to occur in one cell? How many of these mutations happen during each week of tanning sessions?

72. Q Why do cancers become more common as people get older?

73. Cancer Treatment Surgery: Physically remove cancerous cells Radiation therapy: Shoot radiation at cancer cells –Radiation destroys cells –Accurate targeting allows radiation to be concentrated on tumor Chemo therapy: Drugs that kill all dividing cells are taken –Most good body cells are not normally dividing so mostly Ca cells killed –Some body cells are dividing (hair, intestinal wall, immume) so they will be damaged –Must give a dose to kill many Ca cells, but then back off so normal cells that got damaged can regrow –Repeat dose/recovery until Ca cells gone –Some cancers grow too fast and you can’t give chemo fast enough to kill them (person would die from lack of intestinal cells before all Ca cells were wiped out)

74. Ca product: Describe the steps that are required to turn a normal cell from some area in body (skin, intestine, lung, etc) into the worst type of metastatic cancer cell…. through a “picture story”

75. Q Why are scientists working on stem cells?

76. Cellular Reproduction Stem Cells  Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation

77. Q Define each and indicate which type of stem cells (embryonic or adult) each term applies to: A. Pluripotent B. Multipotent

78. Cellular Reproduction Embryonic Stem Cells  After fertilization, the resulting mass of cells divides repeatedly until there are about 100–150 cells. These cells have not become specialized. Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation “murder” or potentially life svaing research?...all in the eye of the beholder

79. Embryonic Stem cells exhibit Pluripotency (unlimited potential = can become any cell type)

80. Q Why is the use of embryonic stem cells more controversial than the use of adult?

81. Cellular Reproduction Adult Stem Cells  Found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue  Less controversial because the adult stem cells can be obtained with the consent of their donor Chapter 9 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation

82. Adult stem cells exhibit Multipotency (limited potential = can become one of a limited set of cell types)

83. Q Why do most research scientists have more interest in working with embryonic stem

84. Q Create a Venn diagram that compares embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells:

85. Cellular Reproduction Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson. Chapter 9

87. A. interphase B. prophase C. metaphase D. telophase Which is the first phase of mitosis? Cellular Reproduction Chapter Diagnostic Questions Chapter 9

88. A. interphase B. metaphase C. anaphase D. telophase During what phase do the sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell? Cellular Reproduction Chapter Diagnostic Questions Chapter 9

89. A. cytokinesis B. interphase C. apoptosis D. mitosis Which is not a phase of the cell cycle? Cellular Reproduction Chapter Diagnostic Questions Chapter 9

90. Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and expel waste products? Cellular Reproduction A. larger cells B. smaller cells C. cells with lower surface area to volume ratio D. cells shaped like a cube 9.1 Formative Questions Chapter 9

91. At what stage does a cell spend most of its life? Cellular Reproduction A. cytokinesis B. interphase C. mitosis D. synthesis 9.1 Formative Questions Chapter 9

92. What happens in the cell during cytokinesis? Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Formative Questions Chapter 9 A. The cell grows and carries out normal functions. B. The cell copies its DNA and forms chromosomes. C. The cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide. D. The cell’s cytoplasm divides.

93. In what stage of the cell cycle does the cell’s replicated genetic material separate? Cellular Reproduction A. cytokinesis B. interphase C. mitosis D. prophase 9.2 Formative Questions Chapter 9

94. Which diagram shows anaphase? Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Formative Questions Chapter 9 A. B. C. D.

95. True or False At the end of mitosis the nuclear material is divided and two new cells have formed. Cellular Reproduction 9.2 Formative Questions Chapter 9

96. What are the “key and ignition” that start the various activities in the cell cycle? Cellular Reproduction A. chromatin and chromosomes B. cyclin and CDKs C. microtubules and spindle fibers D. protein and ribosomes 9.3 Formative Questions Chapter 9

97. Which of these cancer-causing substances or agents is impossible to avoid completely? Cellular Reproduction A. chemicals such as asbestos C. tobacco and second-hand smoke D. ultraviolet radiation from the Sun B. food and drinks that the FDA warns may contain carcinogens 9.3 Formative Questions Chapter 9

98. What is the term for the programmed death of cells that are damaged beyond repair or have harmful changes in their DNA? Cellular Reproduction A. apoptosis B. carcinogens C. cytokinesis D. mitosis 9.3 Formative Questions Chapter 9

99. Which cells are not locked into becoming one particular kind of cell and are capable of developing into specialized tissues? Cellular Reproduction A. apoptotic cells B. cancer cells C. prokaryotic cells D. stem cells 9.3 Formative Questions Chapter 9

100. This cell has completed what stage of mitosis? Cellular Reproduction A. anaphase B. interphase C. metaphase D. telophase Chapter Assessment Questions Chapter 9

101. What term is used to describe programmed cell death? Cellular Reproduction A. apoptosis B. anaphase C. necrosis D. cyclins Chapter Assessment Questions Chapter 9

102. What is the role of cyclins in a cell? Cellular Reproduction A. to control the movement of microtubules B. to signal for the cell to divide D. to cause the nucleolus to disappear C. to stimulate the breakdown of the nuclear membrane Chapter Assessment Questions Chapter 9

103. Cellular Reproduction Which cell has the lowest ratio of surface area to volume? Standardized Test Practice Chapter 9 A B C

104. Cellular Reproduction At what stage of interphase does the cell take inventory and make sure it is ready for the division of its nucleus? A. G 1 B. S C. G 2 D. M Standardized Test Practice Chapter 9

105. Which occurs in plant cells but not animal cells during the cell cycle? A. formation of a cell plate B. formation of microtubules C. formation of a cleavage furrow at the equator of the cell D. movement of chromosomes to the poles of the cell Cellular Reproduction Standardized Test Practice Chapter 9

106. Cellular Reproduction True or False Multiple changes in DNA are required to change an abnormal cell into a cancer cell. Standardized Test Practice Chapter 9

107. Which is not a condition that can result in cancer? Cellular Reproduction Standardized Test Practice Chapter 9 A. a failure in the control mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle B. a failure in the repair systems that fix changes or damage to DNA C. a failure of the spindle fibers to move chromosomes during mitosis D. mutations or changes in segments of DNA that control protein production

108. Cellular Reproduction Glencoe Biology Transparencies Chapter 9

109. Cellular Reproduction Image Bank Chapter 9

110. cell cycle interphase mitosis cytokinesis chromosome chromatin Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Vocabulary Section 1

111. prophase sister chromatid centromere spindle apparatus metaphase anaphase telophase Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Vocabulary Section 2

112. cyclin cyclin-dependent kinase cancer carcinogen apoptosis stem cell Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Vocabulary Section 3

113. Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9  Visualizing the Cell Cycle Visualizing the Cell Cycle Animation