1. Prior Knowledge On your new notes for the chapter, copy and answer the following questions: Why don’t bushes or other trees grow underneath larger trees? Why do plants need sunlight to grow? How does sunlight function to help plants?

2. Photosynthesis Test: Nov 9 th (B DAY) Nov 12 th (A DAY)

3. All living things must have energy to carry out daily functions Some of these functions are obvious. A tiger needs energy to hunt food. A human needs energy to play sports Others are not as obvious. When an organism is asleep, your cells are busy using energy to build proteins, to digest food, and to move molecules across the membrane to ensure body stays in homeostasis Energy

4. Where does energy come from? FOOD. Where does food gets its energy? SUNLIGHT. Plants and other types of organisms are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food. Even when you eat meat, that meat got its food from the plants, which got its “food” from the sunlight ALL CHEMICAL ENERGY (FOOD) ORIGINATES FROM THE SUN

5. Autotrophs  organisms such as plants that make their own food from sunlight Heterotrophs  organisms such as animals that cannot use the sun’s energy directly. They instead have to consume food that contains energy from the sunlight Example: a deer is a heterotroph that eats autotrophs (berries, leaves). The tiger that eats the deer is a heterotroph that eats another heterotroph that ate an autotroph. ENERGY IS PASSED DOWN FROM ORGANISM TO ORGANISM. THIS IS THE BASIS FOR A FOOD WEB OR FOOD CHAIN

6. Chemical Energy and ATP Energy comes in many forms including light, heat, and electricity Energy is stored in chemical compounds. Livings things use fuels for energy ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)  energy currency inside the body. This is the fuel for many living things

7. Structure of ATP

8. Using ATP Active transport Pumps Protein synthesis Response to signals Producing light Producing internal heat

9. ADP

10. Storing ATP It may seem like it would be a great idea for the cells to keep a lot of ATP at one time, but this is actually not the case Most cells only have a small amount of ATP, enough to last them a few seconds of activity Why? ATP is not a good molecule for storing large amounts of energy over a large term A single molecule of glucose stores more than 90 times the amount of energy than an ATP molecule Cells can create ATP from ADP as needed by using the energy in foods like glucose

11. Equation

13. Light and Pigments Chlorophyll  a molecule located in chloroplasts that absorbs some of the energy in visible light Plants have two types – Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b These two types of chlorophyll absorb mostly red and blue light – This is what makes a plant green

16. Inside the Chloroplast Thylakiods  contain proteins that organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters known as photosystems-which are the light collecting units in the chloroplast Reactions in the photosystems: – Light-dependent reactions Need light, and take place in the thylakiods – Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) Do NOT need light, and take place in the stroma

19. Electron Carriers When sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll, the electrons gain a great deal of energy. These high energy electrons require an electron carrier A carrier molecule is a compound that can accept a pari of high energy electrons and transport them with their energy to another molecule (ELECTRON TRANSPORT)

20. Light-dependent reactions Capture energy from sunlight Takes place in the thylakoid membranes Water and sunlight are needed for this stage Goal: to turn sunlight into ATP Three parts: – Photosystem II-occurs first – Photosystem I-occurs second – ATP production

21. Photosystem II First step of the light-dependent reaction – Energy absorbed from sunlight in the thylakoids and transferred to electrons. Electrons become “excited” (high energy electrons) and travel to the electron transport chain – Enzymes break down water molecules. Oxygen is released as waste. Electrons from the water replace the ones lost from the thylakoids – Those high energy electrons are used to pump Hydrogen into the thylakoids. Electrons then move onto photosystem I

22. Photosystem I Sunlight continues to be absorbed by chlorophyll. Electrons are energized The energized electrons are added to a molecule called NADP+ which is an energy molecule A molecule called NADPH is made and is used in the light independent reactions

23. ATP Production The Hydrogen ions that are now inside the thylakoid are used to make ATP An enzyme complex called ATP synthase is used to covert ADP into ATP by adding phosphate groups

24. Light-independent reactions Does not use sunlight, instead uses the NADPH from the light-dependent reactions GOAL: Use energy from the light-dependent reactions to make sugars These reactions occur in the stroma of chloroplasts. Carbon dioxide molecules are needed during this stage of photosynthesis Calvin Cycle

25. The Calvin Cycle ATP from the light-dependent reactions is used Uses CO 2 from the atmosphere and energy from the ATP and NADPH to make sugars Because they are making sugars, this is the synthesis part of photosynthesis Manipulating carbons by breaking down ATP into ADP and NADPH into NADP that you got from the light- dependent reactions Those energy molecules are returned to the light dependent reactions where they can be used again Enzymes and those manipulated carbons create C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose)

27. Factors affecting Photosynthesis Water Temperature Light intensity

28. Other Options besides photosynthesis Consuming food Chemosynthesis  the process by which some organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make energy-storing molecules. – Still makes ATP, just not from sunlight, and does not need CO2 or does not release O2

29. Equation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BeUmj8d6Mag&feature=player_detailpage