1. 0 1 2 3 4 5 PERCENT OF TIME SCRATCHING Results Hypothesis 1: males with a shy temperament did not spend more of their time alone compared to males with a bold temperament (p-value=.827) females with a shy temperament did not spend more of their time alone compared to females with a bold temperament (p-value=.157)* Hypothesis 2: males with a shy temperament did not exhibit more anxiety like behaviors than males with a bold temperament (p-value=.127)* females with a shy temperament did not exhibit more anxiety like behaviors than females with a bold temperament (p-value=.827) Hypothesis 3: males with a shy temperament did not spend less time exploring than males with a bold temperament (p-value=.376). females with a shy temperament did not spend more of their time exploring than females with a bold temperament. However, the data approached significance suggesting that females with a shy temperament spend more of their time exploring than females with a bold temperament (p-value=.074). Table 1.1: Percent of time spent alone by temperament and sex. Results (con’t) The Relationship Between Temperament and Adult Behavior in Non-Human Primates Kellejian, A., Coleman, K., & Island, H. 1 Oregon National Primate Research Center, 2 Pacific University of Oregon. Introduction Traditionally, temperament refers to the emotional, physiological, and behavioral response to a novel stimulus or situation (Gosling & John, 1999).). An individual’s temperamental response to novelty is along a continuum from shy or reserved to bold and exploratory (Itoh, 2002). Behavioral trends consistent with a shy temperament consist of avoiding and not exploring novel stimuli or new environment (Clarke, Boinski, 1995). Behavioral trends consistent with a bold temperament consist of approaching and exploring unfamiliar stimuli or unknown environment (Clarke, Boinski, 1995). Among primates, the diversity of behaviors attributed to temperament are analogous to the nonhuman primates. However, the consistency of these behaviors throughout the lifespan of the macaque is less well known. Despite what we know about temperament among humans and other apes, there is a paucity of research exploring the stable long-term behavior of snow macaques from childhood to maturity. Given the Oregon National Primate Research Center houses the largest and oldest, captive snow monkey colony in the world, the OPRNC provides an ideal population to answer this question. The goal of this project was to explore the possible connection between temperament (measured early in life) and adult behavior in a troop of Japanese macaques. The behavioral ethogram included social interactions, anxious behavior, and environmental exploration. We anticipated that Hypothesis 1: Subjects with a shy temperament would spend more time alone compared to subjects with a bold temperament; therefore, spending less time grooming or in close social contact. Hypothesis 2: Subjects with a shy temperament will exhibit more anxiety-like (e.g., scratching) behaviors compared to subjects with a bold temperament. Hypothesis 3: Subjects with a shy temperament will spend less time exploring than subjects with a bold temperament. Method (con’t) Procedure Early Temperament Test. The novel stimuli temperament test was used to establish each subject’s early temperament during 3-6 months of age. Coleman (n.d.) developed this particular segment of this study while conducting a larger battery of temperament tests for a previous study. An examiner took each subject into a new cage, then introduced a novel piece of fruit and recorded the duration of time it took for the subject to approach the novel fruit. The time it took for the subject to approach the fruit was indicative of the subject’s temperament. If the subject never approached the novel fruit, their temperament was recorded as shy.. Adult behavior Assessment. Once the subjects reached 9-11 years of age, their behaviors were recorded, in their known environment. The examiner recorded subjects from 7:00am to 11:00 am, during the months June and July. To measure behavior of the monkeys in the corral, the examiner used instantaneous sampling techniques in which the social and non-social behavior of the subject was recorded at 15sec intervals for the 10 min. Any events that occurred within the 15sec intervals were also recorded. Method Subjects Female (n=7) and male (n=9) Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata) (n=16) from Oregon National Primate Research Center were observed. All subjects lived in an outdoor corral, with roughly 220 conspecific adults and juveniles. Materials A stop watch, ethogram, writing instrument and clipboard were used to record behavior. The ethogram explained three different classes of behavior, social behavior, non-social behavior, and events. Behaviors such as grooming, nursing, playing, restraining, touching, proximity, or ventral contact, or an absence were considered social behaviors. In the absences of these behaviors, the subject was recorded as being alone. During observation of social behavior, modifiers were also recorded to include whether the subject initiated or received the behavior, as well as the indentifier of the other primate involved in the social exchange. Drinking, eating, exploring, foraging, locomotion, sleeping, and self- play were recorded as non-social behaviors. Events were recorded during the 15 second interval of the event occurrence. Behaviors such as aggressing, chasing, displacing, fear grimacing, lip smacking, scratching, threating, were recorded as events. Discussion The results reveal trends inconsistent with the predicted temperament and behavior relationships, but a small sample size prevents meaningful conclusions about the data. Dominance ranking and number of relatives could have confounded the result, which further prevents meaningful conclusions about the data. The possible confound effect of dominance ranking or number of relatives could influence the perceived security of primates. For example, a higher ranking primate would perceive a lower level of risk, thus may explore the environment more. However, the primate might have a temperament, therefore explore the environment less. Even though the study yielded results inconsistent with predicted trends, it yielded behaviors of key interest. Primatologists should examine these behaviors with a larger population, in order to make more meaningful conclusions regarding the relationship between temperament and behavior. BOLDSHY TEMPERAMENT 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 PERCENT OF TIME ALONE MF Table 1.2: Percent of time exhibiting anxiety like behaviors compared by temperament and sex. Table 1.3: Percent of time exploring compared by temperament and sex. TEMPERAMENT F M M BOLDSHY TEMPERAMENT 0 1 2 3 4 PERCENT OF TIME EXPLORING F