1. Framed Buildings
Plane Frames
Space Frames
Skeleton Frames

2. Framed Buildings Plane Frames
These are fabricated in a flat plane and are usually called trusses or girders according to their elevation shape.
They are designed as a series of connected rigid triangles which gives a lightweight structural member using the minimum amount of material.
What are the main uses ?
Roof construction and long span beams of light loading.

3. Framed Buildings Space Frames
Space frame systems are three-dimensional structures which are constructed by connecting straight tubular struts to each others with the use of solid spherical hubs.

4. Framed Buildings Space Frames
Because of the space frame systems are three-dimensional structures which work in two direction, for a large spans it provides economical solutions.
İt is possible to cover spans up to100 m. without column by using space frame systems.
They provide a great flexibility in the selection of support locations and allows to apply for different geometrical shapes / areas.
The design / manufacture / installation process is completed in a very short interval due to the use of prefabricated components.

5. Framed Buildings Space Frames
Transporting to far distances is provided easily due to the use of prefabricated components.
Space frame systems are lighter than traditional steel and reinforced concrete structures. Therefore, it provides significant economy in foundation costs.
Space frame systems are the most useful
structures for the earth-quake areas due to
their light unit weight.
İt is not necessary to cover by hung ceilings because of its aesthetic appearance.

6. Framed Buildings Space Frames
Additional structures to support the heating, ventilating, electrical and other systems are not required for space frame structures, as they can be hung from the structure.
Because of the aesthetic attribute, space frames are very suitable for glass or polycarbonate skylights.
İt provides various alternative solutions in architectural areas for complex geometrical shapes (pyramid, triangle, dome, barrel vault e.t.c.)

7. Framed Buildings Skeleton Frames
Basically, these are a series of rectangular frames placed at right angles to one another so that the loads are transmitted from member to member until they are transferred through the foundations to the subsoil.
Skeleton frames can be economically constructed of concrete or steel or a combination of the two.
The choice of material for a framed structure can be the result of a number of factors such as site conditions, economics, availability of labour and materials, time factor, statutory regulations, capital costs, maintenance costs and personal preference.

8. Portal Frames
Portal frames are generally low-rise structures, comprising columns and horizontal or pitched rafters, connected by moment-resisting connections.
Can be constructed from:
Timber (Glulam)
Steel
Concrete
Eaves beams
Cladding rails
Key term:
Portal
A large gateway or doorway
Glulam
A process of gluing timber strips together to form a solid beam within a mould

9. Portal Frames
Working in groups of 2/3, what are the advantages and disadvantages of using portal frames?
What are the Advantages?
Large spans can be achieved
Speedily erected
Factory produced quality
Easily extended and adapted
Good height to strength ratio
Lighter foundations than traditional construction
What are the Disadvantages?
Require fire protection coating
Require coating to prevent rust if constructed from steel
External coatings have to be maintained

10. Timber framed construction
Substructure
Piled and raft foundations are also suitable below timber framing
The foundations can take a variety of forms: traditional strip, trench fill, piles or rafts.

11. Timber framed construction
Timber panels typically made from 100 mm x 50 mm softwood carcass, with a plywood sheet nailed to it.
Why?

12. Timber framed construction
The upper floors of timber framed houses are supported by the wall panels. No building load is carried by the brick outer leaf (the most common form of cladding).
The floor itself is not much different from a timber floor in a brick/block house - the main difference is the way the joists are supported.
Until recently the most common type of floor comprised a series of softwood joists; nowadays it's more likely to be metal web joists.

13. Timber framed construction
The roof usually takes the form of prefabricated trusses and is virtually the same as a brick and block house.
In fact it's only by getting into the roof space that you can easily tell if a modern house is timber framed or not.
In some developments the roof is constructed on the ground and lifted into place by crane.
When the roof is felted work can continue inside the house (the brick face work, the normal finish, does not form part of the critical path).

14. Timber framed construction
Load bearing
Timber panels
Cladding
Non load bearing
Is brickwork a good cladding material? Why do we use it?

15. Timber framed construction
Brickwork, however, is not necessarily the most practical cladding - for three main reasons:
Its weight means it cannot be supported by the timber frame and therefore requires a foundation
A free standing wall would soon buckle and bulge in high winds so it must be restrained by the timber frame
The method of restraint (wall ties) must allow for differential movement between the brickwork and timber.

16. Timber framed buildings
Working in groups of 2/3, what are the advantages of using timber frame buildings?
Advantages
Timber frame offers a genuinely sustainable method of construction
Environmentally friendly (high thermal insulation reduces burning fossil fuel)
Lightweight construction
Not weather dependent
Removes brickwork from the ‘critical path’
Reduces drying out time
Improves quality
Reduces waste
Less site handling of materials

17. Timber framed buildings
Working in groups of 2/3, what are the disadvantages of using timber frame buildings?
Disadvantages
Additional design and engineering time up front
Potential lack of experienced builders and erection crews and following trades
Transportation and carriage access
Site storage
Exposure to weather before enclosed
Susceptibility to decay of timber when exposed to excessive moisture

18. Kit houses
This video illustrates a kit house which is built in as little as five days. Huf HAUS is a company from Germany that puts these luxury houses together as a kit, which are energy saving and constructed in a sustainable way from pre-fabricated sections.
Click here

19. Concrete Frames What are the Advantages? In-built fire protection
Can be moulded into any shape
High strength in compression
Does not require a secondary finish
Fast construction period using pre-cast
Variety of surface treatments can be achieved
In situ
pre-cast
What are the Disadvantages?
Require support (shuttering) initially
Crainage required
Poor strength in tension
Highly skilled workforce to assemble

20. Steel framed buildings
Comprised a series of beams and columns
May be composite in design,
eg. Use concrete floor
Often a mixture of two technologies

21. Roofs
What forms can roofs take?

22. Assignment
Criteria P1 &
Edexcel Guidance
You must explain the different forms of low-rise construction currently used for domestic and commercial buildings.
Within your report describe the different forms of low rise construction currently used for domestic and commercial buildings.
Through the use of annotated diagrams outline different types of low rise domestic and commercial construction.
timber frame
cross wall construction
traditional cavity wall
portal frames
framed buildings
Showing elements of the superstructure for a low-rise domestic building and for a low-rise commercial building;