1. Eyelids diseases- non-malignant: chalazion hordeolum cutaneous horn xanthelasma molluscum contagiosum

2. Chalazion- a cyst in the eyelid that is caused by inflammation of a blocked meibomian gland
Meibomiam glands produce an external (sebaceous) part of tears film
Treatment: antibiotic locally, surgery

4. Hordeolum- an acute focal infection of the eyelid (usually staphylococcal) involving either the glands of Zeiss and Moll(external) or, less frequently, the meibomian glands (internal hordeolum).
Symptoms
Treatment: antibiotic locally, warm compresses

6. Cutaneous horn- relatively rare, most often on sun-exposed skin, usually after the 5th decade. The tumor is often conical. This lesion can be caused by primary underlying processes –benign or malignant, thus the importance of accurate determination of the nature of the conditions at the base of the lesion. Surgery is the treatment of choice.

8. Xanthelasma- yellow plaques, occur most commonly near the inner canthus of the eyelid
Deposits of lipids underneath the skin
Often: symmetrical; four lids are involved, tendency to progress
Treatment: surgery, YAG laser

10. Molluscum contagiosum-a viral infection that affects the skin, most commonly children and youth, although it can occur at any age.
Small spots or nodules; not painful, but can be itchy.
Often associated with chronic conjunctivitis 
Treatment: (if any): kriotherapy

12. Malignant eyelid tumors
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma

13. Basal cell carcinoma, BCC
The most common malignant tumor of skin
90% of all malignant tumors of eyelids
More often – lower lid
Slow growth, infiltration, no metastasizes
Infiltration of nasal sinus, orbit
recurrences

14. BCCs often look like open sores, red patches, or scars
BCCs often look like open sores, red patches, or scars. Usually caused by a combination of cumulative UV exposure and intense, occasional UV exposure

16. Squamous cell carcinoma, SCC
often look like red patches, open sores or elevated growths with a central depression; they may crust or bleed.
SCC is mainly caused by cumulative UV exposure over a lifetime.
Sometimes it can become deadly if allowed to grow (metastases).

18. Malignant melanoma
it was uncommon, but nowadays the annual incidence has increased dramatically over the past few decades.
Early melanomas may be differentiated from benign nevi as follows:
A - Asymmetry
B - Border irregularity
C - Color that tends to be very dark black or blue and variable
D - Diameter ≥ 6 mm

19. Treatment:
Surgery
1/3
1/2
free grafts
pedunculated grafts
Advanced tumors:
Chemotherapy
radiotherapy
Evisceration of orbit

22. Entropion- the eyelid (usually the lower lid) folds inward
Entropion- the eyelid (usually the lower lid) folds inward. The eyelashes constantly irritate the cornea.
Causes:
Congenital
Aging ( loose skin and stretched and loose ligaments and muscles)
Scarring
Spasm

23. Symptoms:
Redness and pain
Sensitivity to light and wind
Sagging skin around the eye
Decreased vision, especially if the cornea is damaged

24. Treatment: a relatively simple surgery in which excess skin of the outer lids is removed or tendons and muscles are shortened with one or two stitches.
Protection of cornea

26. Ectropion- the lower eyelid turns outwards
Causes:
Congenital
Aging
Scarring
Facial nerve (VII) palsy
Surgery treatment
Protection of cornea

28. Eyelid drooping (ptosis): constant, progressive, intermittent
Causes: natural aging process
N.III palsy (Horner syndrome)
Hereditary-idiopathic or Marcus-Gunn syndrome (unproper innervation, n.III)
Treatment: levator muscle resection (when affects vision or appearance)

30. Orbital diseases
Common symptoms:
Exophthalmus
Pain
Eye movements disorders
Double vision
Decreased visual acuity
Diagnoses: usually CT or MRI

31. Graves orbitopathy
Antibody-mediated reaction against the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor with orbital fibroblast modulation of T-cell lymphocytes.
It may precede, coincide, or follow the systemic complications of dysthyroidism.
Women are affected times more frequently than men
Most patients are aged 30-50

32. Symptoms: eyelid retraction, proptosis, chemosis, periorbital edema, and disfunction of external muscles
Risk factors: smoking
radioactive iodine
2 phases: active inflammatory and cicatritial
Can cause vision-threatening keratopathy, troublesome diplopia, and compressive optic neuropathy.

35. Treatment: active phase- steroids in pulses intravenous (eg, methylprednisolone 1 g every other day for 3-6 cycles)
Approximately 5% require surgical intervention (multiple-staged procedures)
Surgery is usually performed during the cicatricial phase.
Orbital decompression
Strabismus surgery
Lid-lengthening surgery

36. Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction is a blockage of a tear duct that has failed to open properly at birth (Hasner valve). It occurs in about 6 percent of infants and is characterized by persistent watery eyes. Most cases of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction resolve within first weeks/months after birth.
Treatment: massage-to put pressure on the lacrimal sac to open the membrane at the bottom of the tear duct.
dilation, probing and irrigation

37. Acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction- blockage of a tear duct that typically develops in adulthood.
tumor, inflammation, injury or nasal and sinus diseases.
Treatment: Surgery- Dacryocystorhinostomy creates a new connection between lacrimal sac and nose. Stents or intubation are placed in the new route while it heals, and then removed three-six months after surgery.  

39. Dacryocystitis is an acute infection of the nasolacrimal sac that is generally caused by a nasolacrimal duct obstruction. It is associated with swelling, pain and redness.
Treatment: antibiotic orally and locally + incision and drainage (superficial skin abscess). Fistula is healing well. To avoid chronic cases, a dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is performed.

41. Conjunctivitis
Symptoms: redness, pain, increased sensitivity to light, increased lacrimation, discharge
Causes: bacteria (antibiotics locally)
Viruses (usually clears within a week)
Allergy (itching, mast cell stabilizers, antyhistamines locally)

45. Dry eye syndrome (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) (KCS)- tear film evaporation is too high or tear production is too low. The patient's eyes dry out and become inflammed.
Between 17% and 30% of people have dry eyes at some time in their life.
Tear film should remain stable for ten seconds after each blink. A stable tear film prevents the eyes from becoming dry.

46. Schirmer tests
Small strips of blotting-paper-like material are placed under the patient's eyelid. A few minutes later they are removed to see how wet they are.
5 min, 5 mm, 15 mm

48. An imbalance in the tear mixture (three layers - oil, water and mucus), unsufficient tears production . Other causes of dry eye syndrome include eyelid problems (ectropion, entropion), some drugs (antihistamines, diuretics, morphine), and environmental factors (lower blinking rate).
Artificial tears, better without preservatives

49. Pterygium refers to a benign growth of the conjunctiva, commonly grows from the nasal side. The exact cause is unknown, but it is associated with excessive exposure to wind, sunlight, or sand.
Symptoms: persistent redness, inflammation,foreign body sensation, tearing
Treatment: surgery when it covers the pupil (excision, conjunctival auto-grafting or amniotic membrane transplantation)

51. Scleritis Anterior/posterior Limited/diffuse Necrotic/non-necrotic
SLE, Polyartheritis nodosa, rheumatoid arthritis-assiociated
Treatment: corticosteroids and NSAIDs used locally and systemically.

53. Posterior scleritis
Symptoms: pain and blurred vision, lid-edema, exophtalmos, limited eye movement
Optic nerve edema, macular edema, serous retinal detachment, vitritis
Thicker posterior sclera in ultrasound examination

54. Anterior necrotic scleritis
Most severe
Exposure of the choroid
Inflammation may involve the whole eye ball
Complications: cataract, keratopathy, secondary glaucoma
Treatment: steroids, immunosuppressive agents systemically

56. Molluscum contagiosum- MC:
viral infection
Sign and symptoms
Chronic Conjunctivitis

57. Basal cell carcinoma the most common skin cancer
90% of all malignant tumors of eyelid
The lower eyelids are involved in more than 70% of cases
Rarely metastatizes, invade surrounding tissues, semimalignant
BCC can arise in the sinuses, orbit
Can recur

58. Nodular basal-cell carcinoma
Rodent ulcer (also known as a "Jacobi ulcer" ??? za wiki
Cicatricial basal-cell carcinoma (also known as "morpheaform basal-cell carcinoma"

59. Squamous cell carcinoma
5% malignant eyelid's cancers
More malignant than BCC
Usually occurs in elder people
Hard plaque or tumor, often ulcerated