1. Lobbyism in the USA By Olga Alemovskaya

2. Lobbying in the United States targets The United States Senate The United States House of Representatives State Legislatures

3. Abilities History Proposed Reforms Proposed Reforms Top sectors by spending Top sectors by spending

4. Lobbyists may: Represent their clients' or organizations' interests in dealings with federal, state, or local executive branch agencies or the courts; Write legislation and whip bills; use time spent with legislators to explain the goals of the organizations, which they represent and the obstacles elected officials face, when dealing with issues, to clients; lobbyists try to influence legislation in the state legislatures in each of the 50 states The ability of individuals, groups, and corporations to lobby the government is protected by the right to petitiion in the First Amendment of the US Constitution

5. The tradition began between 1869 and 1877, during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant The tradition began between 1869 and 1877, during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant

6. 1971 - Federal election campaign act came into effect, it guaranteed all the presidential contenders state financing Every president had it’s lobbying group: Eisenhower – military lobby Johnson – oil industry workers of Texas J. Bush – “Halliburton” company

7. Late 1980s - changes in attitude about the appropriateness of former elected officials becoming lobbyists Since 1998 - 43 percent of the 198 members of Congress who left government to join private life have registered to lobby Since 1998 - 43 percent of the 198 members of Congress who left government to join private life have registered to lobby 1979 - was created a professional lobbying association– The American League of Lobbyists

8. 1995 - the 194 th Congress sought to reform Lobbying by passing the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 (LDA) which defines and requires lobbyists to register with the Clerk of the House and the Secretary of the Senate semiannual reports of activities 21 Jan. 2009 – a new US President Barak Obama made the rules for lobbyists tougher. He forbade the White House administration to get presents from

9. According to the Lobbying Disclosure Act: According to the Lobbying Disclosure Act: Lobbyist is a person, who: spends more then 20% of his time for lobbying activity spends more then 20% of his time for lobbying activity has a number of contacts with members of legislatures and executive power has a number of contacts with members of legislatures and executive power has got more than $5000 for 6 month from his clients. has got more than $5000 for 6 month from his clients.

10. According to OpenSecrets.org the top sectors and their total spending between 1998 and 2006 are: Client Client Total Total 1 Finance, Insurance & Real Estate $2,558,205,882 2Health$2,298,865,053 3 Misc Business $2,257,719,539 4Communications/Electronics$2,092,700,759 5 Energy & Natural Resources $1,670,116,451 6Transportation$1,358,911,163 7Other$1,252,273,819 8Ideological/Single-Issue$848,747,426 9Agribusiness$819,757,771

11. Black, Manafort, Stone and Kelly One of the first political consulting concerns to work for Ronald Reagan's presidential candidacy in 1980 Had extensive connections to the presidential administrations of George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton

12. Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough A large U.S. law firm and lobbying group based in Columbia, South Carolina; In 2007- the National Law Journal ranked the firm the largest in South Carolina and 111th largest in the United States; The firm is especially well-known for its practices in corporate finance, business litigation, labor & employment, product liability and mass torts, health law, and lobbying.

13. Sources: www.en.wikipedia.org www.ru.wikipedia.org

14. THE END