1. Gilead -Topics in Human Pathophysiology Fall 2009 Drug Safety and Public Health

2. Kidneys maintain homeostasis Maintain water balance Regulate electrolyte balance Maintain acid-base balance and blood pH Excrete urea and other wastes

3. Renal Pathophysiology

4. Figure 15.2 Normal Kidney Anatomy The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney

5. Figure 15.6 Overview of Nephron Actions

6. Nephron Actions Filtration Reabsorption Secretion

7. Figure 15.4

8. Glomerular Apparatus The glomerular capillaries filter the blood. Glomerular filtration rate is an indicator of kidney health.

9. Figure 25.16 Tubules reabsorb nonwastes, and secrete wastes, allow urine to be concentrated, control electrolyte balance.

10. Kidney Disorders Kidney Disorders Acute Renal Failure Causes: – Decreased blood flow to kidneys – Large kidney stones – Infections – Burns – Severe injuries – Toxic drugs and or chemicals (antivirals, especially anti-HIV drugs) Tubule damage is typical and signs include problems with reabsorption and secretion and thus changes in serum electrolytes Can be reversed by eliminating the cause 10

11. From: radiology.rsna.org/ content/242/1/175/F5.expansion

12. Acute Renal Failure Signs & symptoms – Oliguria or anuria – Swelling / edema – Mental status changesTests – Urinalysis – Serum creatinine – blood urea nitrogen (BUN) – serum potassium – Kidney ultrasound or X- ray to rule out obstructions to urine 12

13. Kidney Disorders Kidney Disorders Chronic Renal Failure - End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Generally caused by long term damage to nephrons reducing GFR and urine output Risks include hypertension, diabetes mellitus, untreated acute renal failure Increased leakage through glomerulus leads to – Proteinuria- proteins in urine – Hematuria – blood in urine – Azotemia – excess nitrogen containing compounds in blood – Edema – Hypertension 13

14. Kidneys maintain homeostasis Maintain water balance Regulate salt balance Maintain acid-base balance and blood pH Control production of red blood cells Activate an inactive form of vitamin D

15. Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease (ESRF) 15 Stage 1 Normal or increased GFR 90mL/min or above Some evidence of kidney damage (microalbuminuria/proteinuria, hematuria, or histologic changes) Asymptomatic Stage 2 GFR 60-90 mL/min Kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR Asymptomatic Stage 3 GFR 30-59 mL/min Kidney damage with moderate decrease in GFR Asymptomatic, may have anemia Stage 4 GFR 15-29 mL/min Kidney damage with severe decrease in GFR Hyperkalemia Anemia Stage 5 GFR <15 mL/min Kidney failure; renal replacement therapy needed to sustain life Uremia, platelet dysfunction, encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, pericarditis, pruritus, lethargy and increased somnolence) Metabolic acidosis Protein catabolism Renal bone disease Sodium & water retention  edema, pulmonary hypertension, systolic hypertension

16. Treatment for Renal Failure Control the underlying cause, i.e. diabetes, HTN, drug therapy Controlled fluid intake Diet rhEPO Kidney Transplant Dialysis

17. Dialysis Treatment

18. Review of Clinical Tests for Renal Injury Complete medical and medication history Complete physical examination Microscopic exam---clues in the urine sediment (eg. hematuria) Urinalysis---any protein, WBCs, blood? BUN/creatinine, electrolytes, GFR, quantitative protein, urine serum/potassium Renal ultrasound Renal biopsy 18