3. Why is water so unique? It is the only substance on Earth that is naturally found in all three states of matter. All living things need it to survive. Covers nearly ¾ of Earth’s surface 326,000,000,000,000,000,000 gallons 326 quintillion gallons

4. Salt Water All 5 oceans are connected and make one global ocean Most of the ocean is in the Southern Hemisphere Has dissolved salts and other minerals in it Makes up 97% of all the water on Earth 316,220,000,000,000,000,000 Gallons 316 quintillion 220 quadrillion gallons

5. Fresh Water Water that is not salty Needed by most living things to survive Makes up only 3% of the water on Earth 9,780,000,000,000,000,000 gallons 9 quintillion 780 quadrillion gallons 70% of this is frozen 30% of this is free flowing 2,934,000,000,000,000,000 gallons 2 quintillion 934 quadrillion gallons

6. Where can you find Fresh Water? Lakes Rivers Streams Ground Water Spring Artesian Well Frozen Iceberg Glaciers Water Vapor Swamps Ponds

7. Water Cycle Continuous movement of water through the environment Evaporation Process in which water changes from liquid to vapor Increase in temperature causes evaporation Condensation Process in which water vapor in the atmosphere becomes liquid Decrease in temperature causes condensation Creates Clouds Precipitation When water falls from the clouds Can be in the form of rain, snow, sleet, freezing rain, or hail

8. Where does most of the water come from for the Water Cycle? Most of the water in the atmosphere comes from the oceans. Most of the rain falls back into the oceans

9. What happens to water when it falls on land? Water runs down a divide into its local drainage basin A divide is an area of high land It does not need to be very high and it might not look high to you It only needs to be higher than the surrounding area A Drainage Basin or Watershed is where all the water on one side of a divide flows Every stream, river, and lake is part of a drainage basin

10. What Drainage Basin (Watershed) is Livonia in? Rouge River Watershed

11. Lakes vs. Ponds Both are a collection spot for surface water Main difference is their overall size Ponds are much smaller and shallower than lakes Ponds also have much more plants You will find lots of lilies and cattails rooted in a ponds muddy bottom Lakes usually only have plants along the edges

12. How were the Great Lakes Formed? Glaciers retreating after the last ice age formed the great lakes This started about 14,000 years ago The weight of the glaciers and the scraping of them retreating carved out the lakes As the glaciers retreated they also melted which filled in the indentations and created the early great lakes.

14. Great Lakes Volume 6 quadrillion gallons of fresh water 1/5 of the world’s fresh water 95% of U.S. supply 84% of surface water supply in North America Spread evenly across the continental U.S., the Great Lakes would submerge the country under about 9.5 feet of water

15. Great Lakes Area More than 94,000 sq miles/244,000 sq km of water Larger than New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hampshire combined About 295,000 sq miles/767,000 sq km in the whole watershed

16. Great Lakes Coastline United States and Canada 10,900 mi/17,549 km (including connecting channels, mainland and islands That is equal to almost 44% of the circumference of the earth Michigan’s coastline 3,288 mi/5,294 km That is more than any state except Alaska

17. Lake Superior 1,335 ft Deep 350 miles long Larges Great Lake in surface area and volume Could hold the water from all the other Great Lakes plus 3 more lakes the size of Lake Erie Larges Lake in the United States in surface area and volume Larges freshwater lake by surface area in the World

18. Lake Michigan 925 ft deep 307 miles long Third largest Great Lake Sixth largest freshwater lake in the World

19. Lake Huron 748 ft deep 206 miles long Second largest Great Lake Fifth largest freshwater lake in the World Has the longest shoreline of the Great Lakes if you count the shorelines of all the islands 30,000 islands

20. Lake Erie 210 ft deep 240 miles long Fourth largest of the Great Lakes in surface area Smallest by volume

21. Lake Ontario 804 ft deep 193 miles long Smallest of the Great Lakes in surface area 325 ft below Lake Erie Base of Niagara Falls

22. What is the Largest Lake in the World By volume Caspian Sea (salt water) Approximately 18,900 cubic miles of water Lake Baikal (fresh water) 5,521 cubic miles of water 20% of Earth’s fresh surface water Equal to all the Great Lakes combined By surface area Caspian Sea (salt water) 143,200 sq miles Lake Superior (fresh water) 31,700 sq miles

23. Lake Turnover Caused by the change in water temperature Happens twice a year Summer Because the colder water is already at the bottom there is not much movement. Fish stay near the top where the oxygen is Fall Surface water cools and sinks down pushing warmer water up This stirs up the nutrients that have settled at the bottom

24. Eutrophication An increase in nutrients in a lake or pond Phosphates and Nitrogen Starts with algae forming a thick scum on the water Slowly more and more plants start to grow A soggy marsh forms Finally a meadow will form Usually slow Thousands of years Nitrogen from fertilizers and phosphates from laundry detergents speed up the process

25. Glaciers and Icebergs

26. Glaciers Glacier: a large mass of ice and snow that moves over land. Two types: Continental Alpine (valley)

27. Continental Glaciers Ice sheets that cover huge landmasses. Ex. Greenland & Antarctica

28. Continental Glaciers

30. Alpine (Valley) Glaciers Ice builds up in high areas and moves slowly down between mountains

31. Alpine Glaciers

32. Formation of Alpine Glaciers

33. Alpine (Valley) Glaciers

36. Glacier Movement

37. Icebergs A mass of floating ice that broke away from a glacier.

38. Icebergs

39. Icebergs start out as part of a glacier

40. Icebergs Glaciers form ice shelves out over the water.

41. Icebergs

45. Groundwater Any water that is underground Permeable Substance that liquids can flow through Coffee filter, clothes, gravel, etc. Impermeable Substance that liquids cannot flow through Glass, rain coats, granite

46. How does water become ground water?

47. Aquifer An underground layer of permeable rock or sediment that contains water Where our wells come from 3 things are needed for an aquifer 1. A layer of permeable material holds the water. 2. A neighboring area of impermeable rock keeps the water from draining away. 3. A source of water replenishes or refill (RECHARGE) the aquifer.

48. Recharging an aquifer

50. Importance of Aquifers Filters water Removes bacteria and other harmful organisms, as well as harmful chemicals and minerals Contains MOST of the liquid fresh water found on Earth Provides about 20% of US fresh water Ground water levels can change Can vary from season to season Can drop as more water is pumped out Can dry up permanently

51. How does groundwater get the surface? Spring Flow of water from the ground at a place where the surface of the land dips below the water table Well A hole in the ground that reaches down to the saturation zone (aquifer). Water can be brought to the surface by hand or with an electric pump. Artesian Well Where water flows to the surface naturally because of pressure

52. Bringing Water to the Surface