1. Fresh Water 2.6% of Earth’s water is freshwater 2/3 of freshwater is ice 30% of freshwater is GROUND WATER 1.2% of freshwater is SURFACE WATER

2. USGS

4. WHAT HAPPENS TO OUR WATER?

5. Waterborne Bacteria Escherichia coli Vibrio sp. Barbara E. Moore, Ph.D., Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio Disease symptoms usually are explosive emissions from either end of the digestive tract

6. Waterborne Protozoans Giardia sp.* *P. Darben Barbara E. Moore, Ph.D., Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio Disease symptoms are usually explosive emissions from either end of the digestive tract

7. Waterborne Human Viruses Hepatitis A virusHepatitis E virus Norwalk virus (Norovirus)Rotavirus* Barbara E. Moore, Ph.D., Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio

8. Indicator Tests Total coliform [Endo agar] Fecal coliform [m-FC agar] Fecal streptococci [M-enterococcus] Barbara E. Moore, Ph.D., Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio

9. Case Study on Eradicating Dracunculiasis Water and Sanitation – Critical Elements in Development - Mike Lee CSU @ Hayward Water and Sanitation – Critical Elements in Development - Mike Lee CSU @ Hayward

10. Guinea Worm Disease “ fiery serpent ” was mentioned in the Bible and Egyptian Papyrus Infection from water that contain larvae in a tiny freshwater crustacean called Cyclops Larvae mature into 3 feet worms that emerge through skin blisters (~1 year later) Incredibly painful Water and Sanitation – Critical Elements in Development - Mike Lee CSU @ Hayward

12. No vaccine for Guinea worm No human resistance Worms are removed slowly each day by winding around a stick Carter Center and Gates Foundation ain to eradicate by 202 Water and Sanitation – Critical Elements in Development - Mike Lee CSU @ Hayward

13. 13 Acid Mine Drainage Water with a high concentration of sulfuric acid that drains from mines. Mine tailings contain sulfur Damages aquatic ecosystems, pollutes bodies of water and degrades water quality

14. Fracking Fluids?

15. 15 These fish died due to eutrophication removing the oxygen.

16. BOD Effects on Water Quality All streams have some capability to degrade organic waste. Problems occur when stream is overloaded with biochemical oxygen-demanding waste.

17. Selected Pollutants: Nutrients Eutrophication is characterized by rapid increase in plant life. An example is the algae bloom shown here. Algae blooms block sunlight so plants below die. Decomposition of dead plants consumes oxygen by detritivores Low oxygen conditions may kill fish High nutrient concentrations can cause Eutrophication

18. flowing water can recover rapidly by dilution and decay Pollution of Streams and Lakes Water Resources and Water Pollution Water Resources and Water Pollution © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP Water Resources and Water Pollution by Paul RichWater Resources and Water Pollution by Paul Rich

19. Basin contains >95% of fresh surface water in U.S. and 20% of world Severe cultural eutrophication in 1960s (e.g., Lake Erie) $20 billion pollution– control program improved water quality since 1972 Case Study: Great Lakes Water Resources and Water Pollution Water Resources and Water Pollution © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP Water Resources and Water Pollution by Paul RichWater Resources and Water Pollution by Paul Rich

20. GROUNDWATER

21. 21 Groundwater pollution from a buried gasoline tank

22. 22 Groundwater pollution through saltwater intrusion. A problem for Long Island Pumping the well too hard may draw saltwater into the well

23. Groundwater Pollution Salt Water Intrusion Extensive pumping in coastal areas can cause salt water to rise into wells, forming a cone of ascension

24. WASTEWATER TREATMENT

25. Sludge

26. Municipal Water Purification Plant

27. Water Treatment Stages 1. Screening 2. Aeration 3. pH correction 4. Coagulation and flocculation 5. Sedimentation 6. Pre-chlorination and dechlorination 7. Filtration 8. Disinfection 9. pH adjustment Depending on the type of treatment plant and the quality of raw water, treatment generally proceeds in the following sequence of stages: As required, adsorption or other advanced process will be added, depending on the chemistry of the treated water. isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/ mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppt

28. Sedimentation Rachel Casiday, Greg Noelken, and Regina Frey, Washington University (http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Water/PublicWaterSupply/PublicWaterSupply.html)http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Water/PublicWaterSupply/PublicWaterSupply.html isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/ mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppt

29. Coagulation Rachel Casiday, Greg Noelken, and Regina Frey, Washington University (http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Water/PublicWaterSupply/PublicWaterSupply.html)http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Water/PublicWaterSupply/PublicWaterSupply.html isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/ mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppt

30. Filtration Rachel Casiday, Greg Noelken, and Regina Frey, Washington University (http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Water/PublicWaterSupply/PublicWaterSupply.html)http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Water/PublicWaterSupply/PublicWaterSupply.html isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/ mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppt

31. Adsorption Rachel Casiday, Greg Noelken, and Regina Frey, Washington University (http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Water/PublicWaterSupply/PublicWaterSupply.html)http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Water/PublicWaterSupply/PublicWaterSupply.html isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/ mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppt

32. Bacteria in Ultrasonic Treated Water

33. Water Treatment Virtual Tours A number of water suppliers have helpful and interesting virtual tours of their facilities on the web: The City of Tempe Az: http://www.tempe.gov/water/360/default.htm http://www.tempe.gov/water/360/default.htm The City of Arlington Tx: http://www.ci.arlington.tx.us/water/virtualtour.html http://www.ci.arlington.tx.us/water/virtualtour.html Central Coast Water Authority, CA: http://www.ccwa.com/treatment01.htm http://www.ccwa.com/treatment01.htm isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/ mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppt

34. 34

35. Septic Tanks Approx. 22 million systems in operation ( 30% of US population) Suitability determined by soil type, depth to water table, depth to bedrock and topography Commonly fail due to poor soil drainage Potential contaminants: bacteria, heavy metals, nutrients, synthetic organic chemicals (e.g. benzene)

36. CA Tertiary Wastewater Systems Irvine Ranch Water District has a very advanced tertiary wastewater treatment system used to supply reclaimed water that you can read about and virtually tour at: http://www.irwd.com/index.html. http://www.irwd.com/index.html Orange County Water District also has a very sophisticated system used for groundwater recharge and aquifer recovery that you can read about and virtually tours at: http://www.ocwd.com/_html/wf21.htm#Anch or-WF21Overview-49575 http://www.ocwd.com/_html/wf21.htm#Anch or-WF21Overview-49575 isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/ mlee/geog4350/4350c4f01.ppt

37. Legal Attempts to Control Water Pollution 1.Clean Water Act 1977, now a state-federal partnership 2.The Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act 1987 3.Federal Water Pollution Control Act 1972 amended to create: 4.Safe Drinking Water Act, 1974, amended 1996 5.London Dumping Convention (1975) is the international treaty regulating disposal of wastes generated by normal operation of vessels 6.MARPOL 73/78 is implemented in the U.S. by the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships, under the lead of the U.S. Coast Guard bss.sfsu.edu/ehines/geog600/ Freshwater%20and%20ocean%20Pollution.ppt

38. 38 Wastewater Renovation and Conservation Cycle An Idealized concept of wastewater usage Steps: –1. Return of treated (primary ) wastewater to crops –2. Renovation or natural purification by slow percolation of the wastewater into soil to eventually recharge the groundwater resource with clean water –3. Reuse of the treated water

39. 39 Wastewater Renovation and Conservation Cycle

40. Half of world's population lives within 100 km (60 miles) of oceans and 14 of 15 largest cities coastal About 35% of U.S. municipal sewage discharged virtually untreated in ocean waters Dumping of industrial waste directly into ocean off U.S. coasts stopped, but many countries still dump large quantities of toxic substances Ocean is the ultimate repository of waste Ocean Pollution Water Resources and Water Pollution Water Resources and Water Pollution © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP Water Resources and Water Pollution by Paul RichWater Resources and Water Pollution by Paul Rich