1. NCAA LEGISLATION RULE 1.6/ PROP 48/42/16 Dr. Damien Clement African Americans in Sport

2. Overview Historical Context of intercollegiate athletics Rule 1.6 Prop 48 Prop 42 Prop 16 Division I Academic Reforms Graduation Success Rate (GSR) Academic Progress Rate (APR)

3. Historical Context 1869 - First intercollegiate football game - Rutgers beat Princeton with 10 freshmen 3 of whom were failing algebra 1889 Harvard President found freshmen over a two year period had four times as many D’s and F’s as A’s and B’s. Harvard (1903) established freshman ineligibility. Followed in (1906) by Amherst, Wesleyan, William and Big Ten Conference. Counter was to establish junior varsity football programs Freshman participation repealed in 1968 (except football and basketball) - allowed in 1972

4. Rule 1.6 (1965) Freshman student athletes must have : HSGPA Class rank Standardized test score That would predict a college GPA of 1.6/4.0 This translates into ½ C’s and ½ D’s Rule 1.6 (rescinded – 1973) Eligibility standard introduced: Graduated from high school 2.0 high school GPA without regard to courses

5. Proposition 48 (1986) Toughened freshmen eligibility standard in two major ways: Firstly: Complete a core-curriculum in high school of at least 11 academic courses with a GPA of 2.00 English; Math; Social Studies; Natural or Physical Science; Additional Core Courses (2) Secondly: Students had to achieve either a ACT: 15 SAT: 700

6. Prop 48 “weakened” Partial Qualifier vs. Non Qualifier

7. Loophole of “New Prop 48” If partial/ non qualifying student made satisfactory progress: Eligible to play on the team the next three years. What was satisfactory progress? Satisfactory progress was left up to individual school to decide.

8. Prop 42 (1990) Partial qualifiers May not receive athletic scholarships. Initial reaction to Prop 42: Denounced by several leading African American coaches. John Thompson, Georgetown University’s basketball coach staged a two game walk out. Prop 42 – “modified” Partial qualifiers to receive full financial aid as long as funds did not come from athletic department.

9. Prop 16 (1992) Raised eligibility requirements : Increase core classes from 11 to 13. English classes increased to 4 Mathematics - algebra, geometry, or a higher-level mathematics course An additional academic elective included Sliding scale that combines SAT/ACT scores with GPA to determine eligibility A GPA of at least 2.5 and SAT of 700 or a GPA of 2.0 and SAT of 900

10. Prop 16 “softened” Prop 16 also softened to allow partial qualifiers to practice with teams and to receive athletic scholarships.

11. NCAA NEW RULES (Aug. 2002) Core classes increased to 14 Sliding scale adjusted : SAT-score as low as 400,if overall (HS) GPA of 3.55 Additionally: To remain eligible: complete 40 % of the requirements for a degree by the start of the Jr. year 60 % by the start of the fourth year 80 % by the start of the fifth year

12. Today

13. Division I Academic Reform: Overview

14. Phase 1: The Standards

15. Phase 2: Measurements, Management Tools and Consequences NCAA Graduation Success Rate (GSR) Intended as a management tool to capture the academic success of all scholarship student athletes

16. Phase 2: Measurements, Management Tools and Consequences

18. Academic Progress Rate (APR) Intended as a “real-time” assessment of each team’s academic performance and awards points for academic eligibility, retention and graduation based on a term-by-term basis Hold each team accountable for the success of student athletes in the classroom and the progression they are making towards graduation “Cut rate”- an acceptable program and graduation rate. Set at 925 (represents an expected graduation rate of 50% of student athletes)

19. Phase 2: Measurements, Management Tools and Consequences Penalties include: Loss of scholarships Loss of recruiting opportunities Access to preseason and post season competition Membership status

20. Phase 2: Measurements, Management Tools and Consequences Public Recognition Awards (2008-09) WVU Sports Women’s Cross Country Women’s Soccer Women’s Track (Indoor) Penalty List (2008- 09) WVU Sports None!!!!

21. Let’s take a closer at the APR

22. West Virginia University’s APR scores

23. Bowl Championship Series (Sun Nov 29, 09) and APR and GSR TeamAPRGSR (99-02) 1.Florida96369 2. Alabama95567 3. Texas93949* 4. TCU96265 5. Cincinnati94775 # 6. Boise State966 # 58 7. Oregon935*49* 8. Ohio State96862 9. Iowa94574 10. Georgia Tech95749 23. West Virginia93961 * - Lowest # - Highest

24. APR Rates and Graduation Rates for 2005-2006 Bowl Bound Teams

26. Men’s Basketball AP Top 25 (Mon Nov 30, 09) and APR and GSR TeamAPR (07-08) GSR (99-02) 1. Kansas1000 # 73 2. Texas97947 3. Villanova98592 4. Purdue900*64 5. Kentucky97931* 6. Duke98992 # 7. West Virginia96044 8. Syracuse93255 9. Michigan State98558 10. North Carolina98975 * - Lowest # - Highest

27. 2006 NCAA Men Division Basketball Tournament Teams and the APR

28. Women’s Basketball AP Top 25 (Mon Nov 23, 09) and APR and GSR TeamAPR (07-08) GSR (99-02) 1. Connecticut972100 2. Stanford989100 3. Ohio State993 # 100 4. North Carolina970100 5. Notre Dame983100 6. Tennessee973100 7. LSU95178 8. Baylor96783 9. Xavier92888 10. Duke98492 West Virginia924*60 # * - Lowest # - Highest

30. Conclusion “The image of the dumb jock is fading….athletes’ graduation rate is inching towards 80%” Myles Brand “Academic reforms are taking hold” Myles Brand “77% of all Division I athletes are getting degrees within six years of entering college and rates are climbing in 25 of the 35 men’s and women’s sport” (Wienberg, 2006)

31. Progress is definitely being made with regards to increasing the emphasis being place on the “student aspect” of student athlete