1. Significance of the Oceans

2. The Ocean Ecosystem 1. Source of moisture 2. Source of oxygen
3. Source of protein supply
4. Source of energy

3. Source of Moisture

4. South Africa Uplift over the Drakensberg Durban 1008mm
Port Nolloth 150mm
Less evaporation and little uplift, parrallel winds
Warm Mozambique current
More evaporation
Onshore airflow
Cold Benguela current
Warm Agulhas

5. Activity On the sheet provided fill in the missing currents
Indicate if they are warm or cold currents
Highlight areas where warm and cold currents meet

6. Ocean Currents

7. Causes of currents Prevailing wind e.g. the West wind drift current
Earths rotation e.g. Southern hemispheric anticlockwise currents
Salinity – more saline the water, the heavier the water
Temperature – the colder the water, the heavier it is

8. Oceanic circulation: Currents
Cyclones / Gyres

9. Source of oxygen
Phytoplankton

11. Photolysis …. The part of photosynthesis that occurs
in the granum of a chloroplast where light is absorbed by chlorophyll, turned into chemical energy, and used to split apart the oxygen and hydrogen in water, releasing oxygen. (

12. Protein Source

13. Zooplankton

14. Where are all the fish found?
On the continental shelf where there is sunlight and therefore photosynthesis can occur. This means that there is much phytoplankton in the area i.e. food for zooplankton and fish
Where warm currents carrying oxygenated water and cold currents bearing nutrients released by cold water washing across the ocean floor, meet

15. Two Levels of Fishing

16. Subsistence fishing

17. Commercial fishing

18. Sources of Energy
Tidal
Wave
Oil and gas

19. Tidal Energy

20. Tidal Power

21. Wave Energy

22. Wave Power

24. Wave Power

25. Make your own wave energy system

26. Oil and Natural Gas

27. Various Rigs

28. Dangerous!

29. Mossgas

31. El Nino

34. El Nino Effects

35. La Nina El Nino
La Nina is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific, compared to El Nino, which is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific.

38. La Nina Effects

39. Activity 5

40. Anomaly Positive anomaly
The surface temperature is warmer than the calculated temperature for that latitude
Negative anomaly
The surface temperature is colder than the calculated temperature for that latitude

41. Interesting facts
Over 70 percent (70.8%) of the surface of the globe is ocean. In fact, all of the land mass of the Earth (continents and islands) would fit into the Pacific Ocean alone - and with room to spare.

42. Interesting facts
Population - More than half the world’s population live within a   60 miles distance from the coast. This is more than 2.7 billion people. Rapid urbanization will lead to more coastal megacities containing 10 million or more people. By the end of the millennium 13 out of 15 of the world’s largest cities will be located on or near the coast.

43. Interesting facts
The oceans contain 95% of the habitat space on the planet. Creatures, large and small - The number of ocean species known to man are 275,000. The largest animal and marine mammal in the world is the blue whale. It's up to 33 meters long and weighs as much as 40 rhinoceroses put together.

44. Interesting facts
Some scientists estimate that the oceans contain as much as 50 quadrillion tons (50 million billion tons=50,000,000,000,000,000) of dissolved solids. If the salt in the ocean could be removed and spread evenly over the Earth’s land surface it would form a layer more than 500 feet  thick, about the height of a 40-story office building. - Atlantic sea water is heavier than Pacific sea water due to its higher salt content

45. The Impact of Humans on Oceans

46. The Impact of humans on Oceans
Ocean Pollution
Mining
Fishing
Threats to estuaries and wetlands

47. Ocean pollution

48. Eutrophication

49. A bloom of phytoplankton - the well-known "red tide" - off the Cape west coast in April 2003.

50. Oil Spills

52. Plastic/garbage

53. Sewage

54. Radioactive waste

55. Chemicals

56. Thermal Pollution

57. Direct dumping
Dumping chalk

58. Activity 4
Read about the Jolly Rubino, the MV Treasure and the Apollo Sea
Activity 4.1 and 4.2

59. Pollution solutions
Do the mindmap

60. Pollution solutions
Global issue – currents “internationalize” the problem
Banning – the dumping of plastics and industrial waste, untreated human waste and other dangerous material into the sea and rivers (which eventually feed the sea)

61. Over-fishing

62. Solutions to Overfishing?
P104 and 105

63. Role of the Oceans in World Trade and Tourism

64. Advantages of Shipping
Importance of shipping is increasing
More efficient than before
Cheap
Bulky material
Long distances – intercontinental

65. Oil Tankers

66. ULCC’s

68. Problems

69. Sink and Oil spills

70. Containerization

71. Advantages of Containers
Accessible to the general public
Easy to track
More protection against theft
Easier to pack
Weather proof

72. Ro Ro Ships

73. Cruise ships

74. Diver Pressure

76. Tourism
What negative and positive effects do tourists have on the marine environment?
Read p102
What do you believe would be the best way/s to manage the effect tourists have on the environment?
This you have to think through…

77. Mining Diamond mining off west coast of South Africa
On shore zone - scars landscape/ ecosystems
In shallow water – gravel is suctioned, destroying coral, plant and other animal habitats
Mossgas – pipeline potential source of pollution

78. Managing mining’s impact
Is there such a thing as “environmentally friendly” mining?
How can sea-mining be more environmentally friendly?
Is it possible to ban sea-mining?

79. Threats to estuaries and wetlands

80. Threats to estuaries and wetlands
Estuaries can be drained and used for pastures or planting of crops
Water table may fall and ecosystems are severely impacted. How?
Tourism e.g. St Lucia
Upstream industrial pollution

81. Managing wetlands Encourage research into wetland management
Train people
National policy
Plan for sustainable use of wetlands
Work internationally and especially regionally

82. Sustainability Focus p104
“The development that meets the needs of the present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
Focus p104

83. Coastal Management: Internationally
Coastal population 75% of world population by 2025!
Protect marine environment against unbridled development

84. Coastal Management: Internationally
UNCLOS
Coastal countries can claim sovereign rights over the national area of the continental shelf for exploration, exploitation, conservation and management of all resources for 22,2km – 370km

85. Coastal Management: Internationally
Marine Protected Areas
Beach villages in the West Indies

86. Coastal Management: Internationally
Blue Flag beaches
Good management
Safety
Good facilities
Education for beach users
Water must meet minimum microbiological standards
8 Beaches in South Africa

87. Blue Flag Beaches

88. Coastal Management: South Africa
Coastal care
Financial and technical assistance
Education and training
Research and coastal information projects
Litter removal
Security
Maintenance of amenities

89. Coastal Management: South Africa
Marine and Coastal management
20 Marine Protected Areas (MPA’s)
Sanctuary and breeding grounds to preserve marine species

90. Aliwal Shoal
Cape Peninsula
Namaqualand

91. Port St Johns