1. 1 Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. *See PowerPoint image slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Chapter 6 Lecture Outlines* Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology David Shier Jackie Butler Ricki Lewis Created by Dr. Melissa Eisenhauer Head Athletic Trainer/Assistant Professor Trevecca Nazarene University

2. 2 Chapter 6 Skin and the Integumentary System

3. 3 Introduction: A.Organs are body structures composed of two or more different _______. B.The skin and its _________________ make up the integumentary system. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4. 4  Types of Membranes A.__________membranes line body cavities that lack openings to the outside. 1.They line the thorax and abdomen and cover the organs within these cavities. 2.Serous membranes are made up of __________________ connective tissue and secrete serous fluid that acts as a lubricant. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5. 5 B._______ membranes line the cavities and openings that lead to the outside of the body, including the oral and nasal cavities, and openings of the digestive, reproductive, respiratory, and urinary systems. 1.They consist of epithelium and connective tissue with specialized cells that secrete mucus. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

6. 6 C.____________membranes line the joint cavities. 1.These membranes consist of only connective tissues and they secrete lubricating synovial fluid. D.The _________ membrane consists of the _____, and is the subject of the remainder of this chapter. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

7. 7  Skin and Its Tissues A.The skin is a large organ responsible for maintaining homeostasis through temperature regulation, _____________of underlying tissues, retardation of water loss, housing _________________, synthesizing certain chemicals, and excreting wastes. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

8. 8 B. The skin consists of an outer _________ and a dermis, connected to underlying tissue by the __________________ (hypodermis). Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

9. 9 C. Epidermis 1. The epidermis is made up of stratified __________________ and lacks blood vessels. 2. The layer of reproducing cells (the ___________), which lies at the base of the epidermis, is well-nourished by ____________ blood vessels. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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11. 11 3.Cells are pushed outward as new cells are formed, and become ___________ as they die. Four or five layers may be seen: stratum basale, stratum ________, stratum __________, and stratum ________are always present and the stratum lucidum is found in the thicker _______________. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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13. 13 4. The epidermis is important because it protects against _____ __________, mechanical injury, chemicals, and _______________. 5. ___________, which lie deep in the epidermis and underlying dermis, produce a pigment called _______ that protects deeper cells from the sun's ultraviolet rays. 6. Melanocytes pass melanin to nearby cells through ___________ secretion. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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15. 15 D. Skin Color 1. Skin color results from a combination of genetic, _____________, and _____________ factors. 2. Genetic differences in skin color result from differing _________of melanin and in the size of melanin _____________. 3. Exposure to sunlight causes darkening of skin as melanin production __________. 4. Circulation within ___________________ affects skin color. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

16. 16 E. Dermis 1. The dermis binds the epidermis to ________________. Epidermal ridges and ____________ cause the border to be uneven. 2. The dermis consists of connective tissue with __________ and ______fibers within a gel-like ground substance. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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18. 18 3. Dermal blood vessels carry nutrients to upper layers of skin and help to regulate temperature. 4. The dermis also contains _____ fibers, ______ fibers, hair follicles, _________ glands, and ________ glands. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

19. 19 F.Subcutaneous Layer 1. The subcutaneous layer (_________) is composed of loose connective tissue and insulating adipose tissue. 2. It binds the skin to underlying organs and contains the ______________ that supply the skin. 3._________ boundary exists between the dermis and subcutaneous layer. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

20. 20  Accessory Organs of the Skin A. Nails 1. Nails are protective coverings over the ends of fingers and toes. 2. Nails consist of ________________ epithelial cells overlying the nail bed, with the ________as the most actively growing region of the nail root. 3. As new cells are produced, older ones are pushed outward and become ________________. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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22. 22 Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. B. Hair Follicles 1. Hair can be found in _____________ regions of the skin. 2. Individual hairs develop from cells at the base of the ______________, an invagination of the lower epidermis that dips down into the dermis. 3. As new cells are formed, old cells are pushed outward and become keratinized, and die forming the _____________.

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24. 24 4. A bundle of smooth muscle cells, called the ____________ muscle, attaches to each hair follicle. These muscles cause _____________ when cold or frightened. 5. Hair color is determined by genetics; melanin from melanocytes is responsible for most hair colors. Dark hair has _____________ while blonde and red hair have _______________. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

25. 25 C. Sebaceous Glands 1. Sebaceous glands (holocrine glands) are associated with hair follicles and secrete _______that waterproofs and moisturizes the hair shafts. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

26. 26 2. Sebaceous gland ________ are usually associated with hair Each gland consists of a cluster of glandular epithelial cells that produce oil called sebum. The are found throughout the skin except on the _________________________. Sebum contains water, fats, cholesterol, proteins and salt It is used to keep the skin _____________and water-resistant. If the ducts become plugged with excess sebum and dead cells it is called a ______________.

27. 27 D. Sweat Glands 1. Sweat glands (_________________) are either _______, which respond to body temperature, or ________, which respond to body temperature, stress, and sexual arousal. 2. Modified sweat glands, called ____________ glands, secrete wax in the ear canal. 3. __________ glands, another modified type of sweat glands, secrete ________. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

28. 28 3. Sweat Glands Sweat glands (____________ glands) are widely spread throughout the skin. They secrete sweat, which is mainly water and salts and a small amount of _______. Function is to maintain body temperature and help _____________eliminate waste. Each gland originates as a tube that is tightly coiled in the dermis or hypodermis, it then leads to the surface to a pore. There are two types of sweat glands: –____________ – function throughout life in response to elevated body temperatures. –_____________ – begin to function during puberty. Produce a thick sweat that contains proteins. They are concentrated in the armpits and groin

29. 29  Regulation of Body Temperature A. Proper temperature regulation is vital to maintaining metabolic reactions. B. The skin plays a major role in temperature regulation with the ____________ controlling it. C. Active cells, such as those of the heart and skeletal muscle, produce heat. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

30. 30 D. Heat may be lost to the surroundings from the skin through ____________. E. The body responds to excessive heat by __________of dermal blood vessels and sweating. F. The body responds to excessive cooling by _________ dermal blood vessels, ___________ sweat glands, and shivering. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

31. 31  Healing of Wounds and Burns A. ___________, in which blood vessels dilate and become more permeable, causing tissues to become red and swollen, is the body's normal response to injury. B. _______________cuts are filled in by reproducing epithelial cells. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

32. 32 C. Deeper cuts are closed off by clots, covered by _____, and eventually filled in by fibroblasts, making _______________. Blood vessels extend into the area, injured tissues are replaced, and the scab falls off. D. Large wounds leave _____ and healing may be accompanied by the formation of granulations. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.