1. History 171D The United States and the World Since 1945

2. The Reagan Years

3. Thursday, May 29, 7 pm McCune Conference Room (HSSB 6020) Extra Credit Opportunity! 1965

4. Debate: The End of the Cold War Thursday, May 22 Resolved: “More than any other leader, Ronald Reagan deserves the credit for ensuring a Western victory in the Cold War.”

5. November 1979—Iranian students seized US embassy in Tehran and took hostages

8. Chaos in Iran caused disruption of oil shipments, leading to gas shortages in US

10. December 1979—Soviets invaded Afghanistan to put down revolt by Afghan Mujahidin

11. Soviet concerns about Afghanistan

12. Mujahidin

13. Brezhnev Mujahidin

14. Brezhnev Brzezinski

15. December 1979—Soviets invaded Afghanistan to put down revolt by Afghan Mujahidin

16. imposed economic sanctions against USSR called for boycott of 1980 Moscow Olympic Games increased military budget Issued Carter Doctrine Carter’s response

17. drew closer to Pakistan stepped up support for Afghan Mujahidin Carter’s response Pakistani President Zia al-Haq

18. By spring 1980 Carter was under growing pressure to do something about hostage situation

21. April 1980—Carter sent mission to rescue hostages

22. ... effort failed disastrously

24. Fall 1980—Ronald Reagan ran against Carter

25. November 1980—Ronald Reagan elected president

26. As lame duck, Carter worked tirelessly to secure release of hostages

27. Carter reached deal with Iran: in exchange for release of hostages, US would return $8 billion in frozen Iranian assets and pledge not to interfere in Iran’s internal affairs

28. Hostages released minutes after Ronald Reagan took oath of office

29. The Reagan Years

30. Samuel Pierce

33. With Mikhail Gorbachev of Soviet Union

34. In early years of presidency, Reagan denounced Soviet Union as “evil empire” and launched massive military buildup

36. 1981— Reagan proposed “zero-zero option”: if Soviets removed their intermediate-range (SS-20) missiles from Eastern Europe, US wouldn’t deploy its own intermediate-range (Cruise and Pershing II) missiles in Western Europe SS-20 missiles Pershing II and Cruise missiles

37. Soviets rejected “zero-zero option” SS-20 missiles Pershing II and Cruise missiles

38. Early 1980s—Reagan’s Cold War policies provoked major protests

39. Spring 1983—Reagan proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), aka “Star Wars”

41. 1939

42. Summer 1983—Soviets shot down Korean passenger plane, killing 269

43. Fall of 1983—the most dangerous moment in the new Cold War Ronald ReaganYuri Andropov

44. Reagan took equally hard-line stance in Latin America

45. 1979—Nicaragua’s pro-US dictator, Anastasio Somoza, was overthrown by left-wing Sandinistas, led by Daniel Ortega Anastasio Samoza

46. 1979—Nicaragua’s pro-US dictator, Anastasio Somoza, was overthrown by left-wing Sandinistas, led by Daniel Ortega Daniel Ortega

47. Meanwhile, leftist rebellions broke out against pro-US regimes in El Salvador and Guatemala, prompting vicious response from those regimes

48. Victims of pro-government death squad, El Salvador

49. After 1981—Reagan administration stepped up military aid to El Salvador, Guatemala, and contra rebels in Nicaragua Nicaraguan contras

50. 1983 and 1984— Congress passed Boland Amendments, prohibiting US assistance to contras Representative Edward Boland

51. Mid-1980s—Several US citizens in Lebanon were taken hostage by radical Shiite groups supported by Iran Lebanon Iran

52. 1985-1986—Reagan administration secretly sold arms to Iran; Iran persuaded Lebanese kidnappers to release some American hostages Freed hostage David Jacobsen with Ronald and Nancy Reagan Hostage Ben Weir

53. 1985-1986—NSC aide Oliver North secretly diverted profits from arms sales to contras in Nicaragua

54. Turnover in the Kremlin Leonid Brezhnev 1964-1982

55. Yuri Andropov 1982-1984 Turnover in the Kremlin Leonid Brezhnev 1964-1982

56. Turnover in the Kremlin Yuri Andropov 1982-1984

57. Turnover in the Kremlin Konstantin Chernenko 1984-1985 Yuri Andropov 1982-1984

58. Turnover in the Kremlin Konstantin Chernenko 1984-1985

59. Turnover in the Kremlin Konstantin Chernenko 1984-1985

60. Turnover in the Kremlin Konstantin Chernenko 1984-1985

61. Turnover in the Kremlin Konstantin Chernenko 1984-1985

62. Turnover in the Kremlin Mikhail Gorbachev 1985-1991 Konstantin Chernenko 1984-1985

63. Gorbachev recognized dire state of Soviet economy and society

64. Pushed for perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness)

65. November 1985— Reagan and Gorbachev met in Geneva

66. No major agreement but meeting was hopeful sign

67. October 1986— Reagan and Gorbachev met again in Reykjavik, Iceland

68. October 1986— Reagan and Gorbachev met again in Reykjavik, Iceland Talked about banning all nuclear weapons in 10 years’ time

69. But deal fell through when Reagan refused to give up SDI

70. Fall 1986—Reagan administration’s secret dealings with Iran, and diversion of money to contras, became public knowledge

71. Iran/contra figures Robert McFarlane

72. Iran/contra figures Robert McFarlane William Casey

73. Iran/contra figures Fawn Hall

74. Iran/contra figures Fawn Hall Oliver North

75. Iran/contra Affair

78. Early 1987—Gorbachev rescued Reagan by accepting Reagan’s old “zero option”

79. Reagan at the Berlin Wall, June 1987

80. December 1987—Gorbachev came to Washington and signed Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty with Reagan