1. R3 정수웅

2. Introduction Community-acquired pneumonia − Leading infectious cause of death in developed countries − The mortality in patients with treatment failure versus without treatment failures (25% vs 2%, respectively) by Neumofail Group : treatment failure as a surrogate parameter for mortality − Excessive host inflammatory response a/w treatment failure & mortality

3. Corticosteroids inhibit the expression and action of many cytokines involved in the inflammatory response associated with pneumonia. − use of corticosteroids remains controversial − Two meta-analysis : Improved mortality in the subgroup of patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia who received corticosteroid − corticosteroid may modulate cytokine release in severe community- acquired pneumonia To assess the effect corticosteroid in patients with severe community- acquired pneumonia and high associated inflammatory response

4. Method - Design and patients − multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial − patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia and a high inflammatory response − 3 spanish teaching hospital − prospectively enrolled and followed up from June 2004 through February 2012 Eligible criteria − aged 18 years or older − clinical symptom suggesting community-acquired pneumonia : cough, fever, pleuritic chest pain, or dyspnea − a new chest radiographic infiltrate − severe community-acquired pneumonia defined by modified American Thoracic Society criteria or risk V for the Pneumonia Severity Index − CRP level of greater than 150mg/L at admission

5. Method - Design and patients exclusion criteria − prior treatment with systemic corticosteroid − nosocomial pneumonia − reported severe immunosuppression − preexisting medical condition with a life expectancy of less than 3 months − uncontrolled diabetes mellitus − major gastrointestinal bleeding within 3 months − a condition requiring acute treatment with greater than 1 mg/kg/d of methylprednisolone or its equivalent − pandemic H1N1 influenza A pneumonia

6. Method - procedures Randomized to receive for 5 days started within 36 hours of hospital admission either …. − an intravenous bolus of 0.5 mg/kg per 12 hours of methylprednisolone − placebo Patients, investigators, and data assessors were blinded to treatment allocation Antibiotics treatments were not guided by level of procalcitoin.

7. Primary efficacy outcome 1. early treatment failure : clinical deterioration within 72 hours of treatment − development of shock − need for invasive mechanical ventilation not present at baseline − death 2. late treatment failure − radiographic progression : increase of ≥50% of pulmonary infiltrates compared with baseline − persistence of severe respiratory failure : ratio of PaO2 to fraction of inspired oxygen < 200 mmHg : RR ≥ 30 breaths/min in patients not intubated) − development of shock − need for invasive mechanical ventilation not present at baseline − death between 72 hours and 120 hours after treatment initiation

8. Secondary efficacy outcome − time to clinical stability − length of ICU and hospital stay − in-hospital mortality clinical stability when the following values were achieved for all parameters − temperature of 37.2 ℃ or lower − heart rate of 100 beats/min or lower − systolic blood pressure of 90mmHg or higher − arterial oxygen tension of 60mmHg or higher when the patients was not receiving supplemental oxygen Microbiologic examination − sputum sample, urine sample, 2 samples of blood, nasopharyngeal swab samples, thoracentesis, bronchoscopic samples Adverse events − hyerglycemia, superinfection, gastrointestinal bleeding, delirium, acute kidney injury, acute hepatic failure

9. Results

20. Limitations − the results cannot be generalized to all patients with community-acquired pneumonia − no assessment of adrenal function was performed − use of methylprednisolone for 5 days only − patients accrual was very slow − sample size was chosen based on treatment failure rather than in-hospital mortality Immunosuppression caused by corticosteroids was probably not relevant when administered acutely, in contrast to chronic treatment Among patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia and high initial inflammatory response, the acute use of methylprednisolone compared with placebo decreased treatment failure.