1. Chapter Measuring a Nation’s Income 10

2. Microeconomics vs. Macroeconomics Microeconomics – Study of how households and firms Make decisions Interact in markets Macroeconomics – Study of economy-wide phenomena Including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth 2

3. The Economy’s Income and Expenditure Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – Measures the total income of everyone in the economy – Measures the total expenditure on the economy’s output of goods and services For an economy as a whole – Income must equal expenditure Circular-flow diagram – assumptions: All goods and services – bought by households Households - -spend all of their income 3

4. Figure The circular-flow diagram 1 4 Households buy goods and services from firms, and firms use their revenue from sales to pay wages to workers, rent to landowners, and profit to firm owners. GDP equals the total amount spent by households in the market for goods and services. It also equals the total wages, rent, and profit paid by firms in the markets for the factors of production.

5. Measurement of Gross Domestic Product Gross domestic product (GDP) – Market value of all final goods and services – Produced within a country – In a given period of time “GDP is the market value…” – Market prices - reflect the value of the goods 5

6. Measurement of Gross Domestic Product “… of all…” – All items produced in the economy And sold legally in markets – Excludes most items Produced and sold illicitly Produced and consumed at home “… final…” – Value of intermediate goods is already included in the prices of the final goods 6

7. Measurement of Gross Domestic Product “… goods and services…” – Tangible goods & intangible services “… produced…” – Goods and services currently produced “… within a country…” – Goods and services produced domestically, regardless of the nationality of the producer “… in a given period of time” – A year or a quarter 7

8. The Components of GDP Y = C + I + G + NX – Identity – Y = GDP – C = consumption – I = investment – G = government purchases – NX = net exports 8

9. The Components of GDP Consumption – Spending by households – On goods and services – Exception: purchases of new housing Investment – Spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures – Including household purchases of new housing – Inventory accumulation 9

10. The Components of GDP Government purchases – Government consumption expenditure and gross investment – Spending on goods and services – By local, state, and federal governments – Does not include transfer payments 10

11. The Components of GDP Net exports = Exports - Imports – Exports Spending on domestically produced goods by foreigners – Imports Spending on foreign goods by domestic residents 11

12. Table GDP and its components 1 12 Total (in billions of dollars) Per person (in dollars) Percent of total Gross domestic product, Y Consumption, C Investment, I Government purchases, G Net exports, NX $13,843 9,732 2,132 2,691 –712 $45,838 32,225 7,061 8,912 –2,360 100% 70 15 19 -5 This table shows total GDP for the U.S. economy in 2007 and the breakdown of GDP among its four components. When reading this table, recall the identity Y = C + I + G + NX.

13. Table Why are we interested on how the GDP changes over time? 1 13 During last economic recession:

14. Real Versus Nominal GDP Total spending rises from one year to the next – Economy - producing a larger output of goods and services – And/or goods and services are being sold at higher prices Nominal GDP – Production of goods and services – Valued at current prices 14

15. Real Versus Nominal GDP Real GDP – Production of goods and services – Valued at constant prices – Designate one year as base year – Not affected by changes in prices For the base year – Nominal GDP = Real GDP 15

16. Real Versus Nominal GDP 16

17. Figure Real GDP in the United States 2 17 This figure shows quarterly data on real GDP for the U.S. economy since 1965. Recessions—periods of falling real GDP—are marked with the shaded vertical bars.

18. GDP - Good Measure of Economic Well-being? GDP – “single measure of the economic well- being of a society” – Economy’s total income – Economy’s total expenditure – Larger GDP Good life Better healthcare Better educational systems – Measure - ability to obtain many of the inputs into a worthwhile life 18

19. GDP - Good Measure of Economic Well-being? GDP – not a perfect measure of well-being – Doesn’t include Leisure Value of almost all activity that takes place outside markets Quality of the environment – No distribution of income 19

20. Table GDP and the quality of life 3 20 Country Real GDP per person (2005) Life expectancy Adult literacy (% of population) Internet usage (% of population) United States Japan Germany Russia Mexico Brazil China Indonesia India Pakistan Bangladesh Nigeria $41,890 31,267 29,461 10,845 10,751 8,402 6,757 3,843 3,452 2,370 2,053 1,128 78 years 82 79 65 76 72 70 64 65 63 47 99% 99 92 89 91 90 61 50 47 69 63 % 67 45 15 18 19 9 7 3 7 0.3 4 The table shows GDP per person and three other measures of the quality of life for twelve major countries.