1. -George Vuong BCCDC. (2012). Vibrio bacteria[Photograph]. BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver. Permission to reprint by BCCDC."

2. Goal The audience will understand V. parahaemolyticus based on clinical tests, symptoms, treatment, route of transmission, and diagnosis/prognosis of this species. Image From Microsoft Clip Art

3. Objectives After this presentation the audience will: Identify the etiologic agent: V. parahaemolyticus Discuss the routes of transmission for this Vibrio species Differentiate the symptoms of V. parahaemolyticus to other Vibrio species Propose how the diagnosis is achieved through symptoms and clinical tests Evaluate the prognosis after detection Access the risk factors related to V. parahaemolyticus Review the different treatments after diagnosis Theorize the prevention and look at the epidemiology of V. parahaemolyticus

4. Vibrio parahaemolyticus Curved gram negative rod Halophilic bacteria Lives in brackish saltwater It is known to cause gastrointestinal sickness. Naturally inhabits coastal waters in the U.S. and Canada Epidemiology Cannot be transferred from human to human unless fecal to oral route Often during summer months in shellfish and fish Colder months can be found in mud/bottom of marine environments

5. Routes of Transmission Associated with consumption of raw or contaminated seafood Raw fish or shellfish Incubation period of 4-30 hrs. Temp*** and salinity V. parahaemolyticus levels Kaufman and others (2003) June, July, and September range from 200 to 2000 CFU/g in 90% of the oysters. Cook and others (2002) in the same waters. V. parahaemolyticus in 94.2% of shellfish, above 25 ◦ C, Only 14.9 below 10 ◦ C. BCCDC. (2012). Oysters[Photograph]. BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver. Permission to reprint by BCCDC."

6. Symptoms Acute gastroenteritis Nausea Vomiting Abdominal cramps Low-grade fever Chills Diarrhea Watery and can be bloody Image From Microsoft Clip Art

7. Diagnosis Green on TCBS agar V. vulnificus is also Green V. cholera is yellow ONPG (Neg) V. vulnificus is Pos Growth on 8% NaCl nutrient broth Citrate (Neg) Lactose(Neg) V. vulnificus is pos for Citrate, Lactose and β-D-galactosidase Oxidase positive Schwarz, J. (1989). Vibrio parahaemolyticus[image]. Seafood Safety Lab, Galveston, Texas. Permission to reprint by SSL.

8. Prognosis Usually recovers after 3 days Typically no long-term consequences. Bloodstream infections and death only occurs in those who are immune compromised or an underlying condition.

9. Risk Factors Consumption of raw or improperly cooked fish/shellfish. With alcohol Underlying medical conditions Bronx ale house. (2012). image3[photograph]. Bronx, NY. Permission to reprint by BAH.

10. Treatment Rehydration “Gatorade” Severe cases Hospital Admission Antimicrobial therapy Gatorade. (2012). Gatorade lemon lime[image], Galveston, Texas. Permission to reprint by Gatorade.

11. Prevention Not all strains cause illness. Usually occurs when the bacteria numbers are increased Summer/warm areas Seafood stores/companies monitor the bacteria levels to know when to collect/sell shellfish. Education on shellfish consumption Cook thoroughly! Puckett, H. (2010). Grilled Oyster-M[photograph], Coastal Living, Tampa, Fl. Permission to reprint by TILG.

12. References Alam, M., Chowdhury, W., Bhuiyan, N., Islam, A., Hasan, N., Nair, G.,... Colwell, R. (2009). Serogroup, virulence, and genetic traits of vibrio parahaemolyticus in the estuarine ecosystem of bangladesh. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75(19), 6268-6274. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2753069/ Hiyoshi, H., Kodama,, T., Iida, T., & Honda, T. (2010). Contribution of vibrio parahaemolyticus virulence factors to cytotoxicity, enterotoxicity, and lethality in mice. Infection and Immunity, 78(4), 1772-1780. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2849405/ Henry, J. B. (1996). Clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: W.B. Saunders Company. Murray, P. R., Baron, E. J., Jorgensen, J. H., Pfaller, M. A., & Yolken, R. H. (2003). Manual of clinical microbiology 8th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press. What is vibrio parahaemolyticus? (2012, January). Retrieved from EHA Consulting group website: http://www.ehagroup.com/resources/pathogens/vibrio-parahaemolyticus/ Vibrio parahaemolyticus. (2012, February 1). Retrieved from Right Diagnosis website: http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/v/vibrio_parahaemolyticus/intro.htm

13. References BCCDC. (2012). Vibrio bacteria[Photograph]. BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver. Permission to reprint by BCCDC." Schwarz, J. (1989). Vibrio parahaemolyticus[image]. Seafood Safety Lab, Galveston, Texas. Permission to reprint by SSL. BCCDC. (2012). Oysters[Photograph]. BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver. Permission to reprint by BCCDC." Gatorade. (2012). Gatorade lemon lime[image], Galveston, Texas. Permission to reprint by Gatorade. Bronx ale house. (2012). image3[photograph]. Bronx, NY. Permission to reprint by BAH. Puckett, H. (2010). Grilled Oyster-M[photograph], Coastal Living, Tampa, Fl. Permission to reprint by TILG.

14. Questions?