1. SKELETAL SYSTEM

2. ORGANIZATION 206 bones 2 Main Divisions – Axial & Appendicul ar

3. Axial Skeleton Head, neck, trunk Skull Hyoid Bone Vertebral Column Thoracic Cage (ribs, 12 pairs) Sternum

4. Hyoid Bone

5. Appendicular Skeleton Limbs & Bones that connect to the o Pectoral Girdle (shoulders) o Pelvic Girdle (hips)

6. Classification of Bones Slide 5.4a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Long bones  Typically longer than wide  Have a shaft with heads at both ends  Contain mostly compact bone Examples: Femur, humerus

7. Classification of Bones Slide 5.4b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Short bones  Generally cube-shape  Contain mostly spongy bone  Examples: Carpals, tarsals

8. Classification of Bones Slide 5.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Flat bones  Thin and flattened  Usually curved  Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone  Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum

9. Classification of Bones Slide 5.5b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Irregular bones  Irregular shape  Do not fit into other bone classification categories  Example: Vertebrae and hip

10. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Slide 5.4c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.1

11. Skeletal Organization – bone names **Handout and Smart Board labeling** Help for learning bone features, etc. for organization lab: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=heBjZIZP328 To lab!! – lab #13 – Organization of the Skeleton http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NRR-t93jyFw For review after lab:

12. Functions of the Skeletal System Bones are made of OSSEOUS TISSUE Support and Protection Body movement Blood cell formation hematopoiesis Storage of inorganic materials and fat (salt, calcium, phosphorus….)

13. BONE STRUCTURE - Long Bone 1.Epiphysis 2.Diaphysis 3.Articular Cartilage 4.Periosteum

14. Inside the Long Bone Medullary Cavity – hollow chamber filled with bone marrow Red Marrow (blood) Yellow Marrow (fat) Endosteum – lining of the medullary

15. Types of Bone Tissue Compact (wall of the diaphysis) Spongy (cancellous, epiphysis) *

16. Microscopic Structure OSTEOCYTES - mature bone cells, enclosed in tiny chambers called LACUNAE OSTEOCYTES form rings around a HAVERSIAN CANAL which houses blood vessels Osteocytes are linked by CANALICULI Haversian Canals are linked by VOLKMAN's CANALS

17. Compact Bone

18. Structure of a Long Bone Figure 6.3a-c

19. BONE DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH 1.Intramembranous bones – flat, skull 2. Endochondral bones – all other ALL BONES START AS HYALINE CARTILAGE, areas graduallly turn to bone PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (shaft) SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (ends)

20. Bone Growth

22. Structure of Bone Lab  Lab #12

23. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review of Bone Growth and more

24. Bone Growth Slide 5.13b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops  Bones change shape somewhat  Bones grow in width

25. Bone Growth Slide 5.13b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops  Bones change shape somewhat  Bones grow in width  LD clip – long bone growth – 4226  http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/29719-human-mutants-fetal- skeletons-video.htm http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/29719-human-mutants-fetal- skeletons-video.htm  Osteoarthritis – 7138

26. Types of Bone Cells Slide 5.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Osteocytes  Mature bone cells  Osteoblasts  Bone-forming cells  Osteoclasts  Bone-destroying cells  Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium  Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFJ4iswRiu4&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFJ4iswRiu4&feature=related

27. Bone Development & Growth EPIPHYSEAL DISK (growth plate) is a band of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis These areas increase bone length as the cells ossify Cartilage becomes OSTEOBLASTS become OSTEOCYTES

28. RESORPTION OSTEOCLASTS - dissolve bone tissue to release minerals, process is called RESORPTION

29. Bone Fractures Slide 5.16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  A break in a bone  Types of bone fractures  Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin  Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin  Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization  Realignment of the bone

30. Common Types of Fractures Slide 5.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 5.2

31. Repair of Bone Fractures Slide 5.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed  Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus  Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus  Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

32. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Slide 5.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.5 Bone fracture with clot 661-664 *******

33. BONES OF THE SKULL  Frontal - anterior portion above eyes  Hole above eyes?  Supraorbital foramen  Sinuses in this bone?  Frontal sinuses Parietal - one on each side of the skull, just behind frontal bone Occipital - forms the back of the skull and base of the cranium  Largest hole in skull?  Foramen magnum  Smooth protrusions on this bone  Occipital condyles  Temporal - forms parts of the sides and base of cranium  External auditory meatus http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nc5IRj3OJhE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nc5IRj3OJhE Sec. 7.6 -

34. Zygomatic Bone – cheekbone Sphenoid - wedged between several other bones in anterior portion of the cranium  Sinuses Maxillae (2)- form upper jaws Nasal (2) Palatine (2) Lacrimal (2) Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) Vomer Mandible - lower jaws, only moveable bone of the skull

35. TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SKULL Foramen - refers to any tiny opening, nerves and blood vessels leave this opening to supply the face Suture - refers to any connection between large bones (in fetal skulls, these are called fontanels) Fissure - any wide gap between bones

36. Sutures  Coronal - between frontal and parietal bones  Lambdoidal - between occipital and parietal bones  Squamosal - between temporal and parietal bones  Sagittal - between parietal bones

37.  **The hyoid and three middle ear bones in each ear are also in the head, but are not attached to the skull. These are a part of the total 206 number of bones in the human body.

38. Bones of the Skull & Sutures

40. Foramen Magnum

42. Figure 6.10

44. ******

45. The Rest of the Bones

46. Skeletal System Brief review

47. 2 Divisions:  Axial  Appendicular

48. Bone Structure

49. Bone Cells  Mature bone cell  Bone-forming cell  Bone-destroying cells

50. Repair of Bones  Hematoma  Fibrocartilage callus  Bony callus  Bony callus remodels

51. Review of Skull Bones  http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanat omy/timed/04.htm http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanat omy/timed/04.htm  http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio 201/skull/antskul.htm http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio 201/skull/antskul.htm

52. Section 7.7 - Vertebrae Neck = cervical Middle Back = thoracic Lower Back = lumbar

54. Section 7.7 – Vertebral Column  Cervical Vertebrae 77  Atlas  Axis  **Bifid spinous processes  **transverse foramen for arteries to go to head  Thoracic Vertebrae  12  Larger than cervical

55.  Lumbar Vertebrae 55  Larger yet and stronger  Sacrum  Sacred or holy  5 fused  Coccyx  tail  4 fused

57. ABNORMALITIES OF THE SPINE SCOLIOSIS is a lateral curve in the spine KYPHOSIS is a hunchback curve LORDOSIS is a swayback in the lower region. ANKYLOSIS is severe arthritis in the spine and the vertebrae fuse.

58. SCOLIOSIS

59. LORDOSIS

60. ANKYLOSIS

61. Thoracic Cage

62. Section 7.8 – Thoracic Cage  Ribs – strip or “ribbon” – 12 pairs  1 st 7 pairs – True Ribs (Vertebrosternal)  Join sternum directly by costal cartilage  Hyaline  Remaining 5 pairs – False Ribs (Vertebrochondral) – cartilages of these do not touch sternum directly  Upper 3 – join 7 th rib (Vertebrochondral)  Last 2 – (Vertebral ribs) – floating – no cartilage attachment

63. Thoracic Cage

64. Sternum  Manubrium  Body  Xiphoid Process (sword like)  Sternal puncture

65. Section 7.9 – Pectoral Girdle  Incomplete  2 clavicles  2 scapulae – coracoid process, acromion process, spine, glenoid cavity

66. Pectoral Girdle

67. Section 7.10 – Upper Limb  Humerus – head fits into glenoid cavity  Greater tubercle  Lesser tubercle  Anatomical neck  Surgical neck – fractures  Deltoid tuberosity

69.  Olecranon fossa –posterior  Coronoid fossa – anterior  Trochlea – medial  Capitulum – lateral  epicondyles

70. See transparency**

71.  Radius – head, radial tuberosity, styloid process  Ulna – olecranon process, trochlear notch, coronoid process, styloid process  Wrist – carpus – mass of bones – 8, 2 rows of 4 each  Hand – metacarpals – 5 – form the palm, distal ends form the knuckles, #1-5, beginning with thumb

72.  Phalanges – 14 – finger bones  Each finger: proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phalanx  Thumb: lacks middle phalanx

73. Bones of the Arm Ulna goes to pinky (P-U) Radius goes to thumb

74. Wrist Bones For test Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges

75. Section 7.11 – Pelvic Girdle  Ilium  Ischium  Pubis  Acetabulum  Obturator foramen

76. Pelvic Girdle

77. Section 7.13 – Lower Limbs  Femur – Head, Fovea capitus, Greater trochanter, Lesser trochanter, Lateral and Medial condyles, Lateral and Medial epicondyles  Tibia – Medial and Lateral condyle, Tibial tuberosity, Medial maleolus  Fibula – Head of Fibula, Lateral maleolus

80. Bones of the Leg

81. Ankle and Foot  Tarsals – Calcaneus, Talus  Metatarsals  Phalanges – Proximal, Middle, and Distal

82. Bones of the Ankle For Test Calcaneous Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

83. Bones of the Ankle For Test Calcaneous Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges