1. © 2013 Pearson 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS Circular flow model is a model of the economy that shows: The circular flow of expenditures and incomes that result from decision makers’ choices and The way those choices interact in markets to determine what, how, and for whom goods and services are produced.

2. © 2013 Pearson 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS  Households and Firms Households are individuals or people living together as decision-making units. Firms are institutions that organize production of goods and services.

3. © 2013 Pearson 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS  Markets A market is any arrangement that brings buyers and sellers together and enables them to get information and do business with each other. Goods markets are markets in which goods and services are bought and sold. Factor markets are markets in which factors of production are bought and sold.

4. © 2013 Pearson 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS In factor markets: Households supply factors of production Firms hire factors of production. Firms supply goods and services produced. Households buy goods and services. In goods markets:  Real Flows and Money Flows

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6. 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS These are the real flows in the economy.  Real Flows and Money Flows Money flows run in the opposite direction to the real flows.

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8. 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS Firms pay households incomes for the services of factors of production.  Real Flows and Money Flows Households pay firms for the goods and services they buy. These are the money flows. Blue flows are incomes. Red flows are expenditures.

9. © 2013 Pearson  Governments We divide governments into two broad levels: Federal government State and local government Federal Government The federal government’s major expenditures are to provide 1. Goods and services 2. Social Security and welfare benefits 3. Transfers to state and local governments 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS

10. © 2013 Pearson The federal government finances its expenditures by collecting taxes. The main taxes are 1. Personal income taxes 2. Corporate (business) taxes 3. Social Security taxes In 2010, the federal government spent $3.5 trillion— about 24 percent of the total value of all the goods and services produced in the United States in that year. Taxes raised less than $3.5 trillion—the government had a deficit. 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS

11. © 2013 Pearson State and Local Governments State and local governments expenditures provide 1. Goods and services 2. Welfare benefits State and local governments finance these expenditures by collecting taxes. The main taxes levied are 1. Sales taxes 2. Property taxes 3. State income taxes 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS

12. © 2013 Pearson Households and firms pay taxes and receive transfers. Governments buy goods and services from firms.  Governments in the Circular Flow 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS

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14.  Federal Government Expenditures Figure 2.7(a) shows federal government expenditures in 2010. 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS

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16.  Federal Government Revenue Figure 2.7(b) shows federal government revenue in 2010. 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS

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18.  Federal Government Expenditures and Revenue National debt is the total amount that the government has borrowed to make expenditures that exceed tax revenue—to run a government budget deficit. The national debt is a bit like a large credit card balance. Paying the interest on the national debt is like paying the minimum required monthly payment. 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS

19. © 2013 Pearson  State and Local Government Expenditures and Revenue The largest part of the state and local governments expenditures are on Education Highways Public welfare benefits 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS

20. © 2013 Pearson  State and Local Government Expenditures Figure 2.8(a) shows state and local government expenditures in 2007−08. 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS

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22.  State and Local Government Revenue Figure 2.8(b) shows state and local government revenue in 2007−08. 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS

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24.  Circular Flows in the Global Economy Households and firms in the U.S. economy interact with households and firms in other economies in two main ways: They buy and sell goods and services. They borrow and lend. We call these two activities: International trade International finance 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS

25. © 2013 Pearson International Trade Many of the goods that you buy were not made in the United States―your iPod, Wii games, and Nike shoes. The goods and services that we buy from firms in other countries are U.S. imports. Much of what is produced in the United States doesn’t end up being sold here―Boeing sells most of the airplanes it makes to foreign airlines. The goods and services that we sell to households and firms in other countries are U.S. exports. 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS

26. © 2013 Pearson International Finance When firms or governments want to borrow, they look for the lowest interest rate available. Sometimes, that is outside the United States. Also, when the value of our imports exceeds the value of our exports, we must borrow from the rest of the world. 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS

27. © 2013 Pearson Households and firms in the U.S. economy interact with those in the rest of the world in goods markets and financial markets. 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS

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29. The red flow shows the expenditure by Americans on imports of goods and services. The blue flow shows the expenditure by the rest of the world on U.S. exports (other countries’ imports). 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS

30. © 2013 Pearson The green flow shows U.S. lending to the rest of the world. The orange flow shows U.S. borrowing from the rest of the world. 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS

31. © 2013 Pearson These international trade and international finance flows tie nations together. Global booms and slumps are transmitted through these flows. 2.3 THE CIRCULAR FLOWS