3. Enslaved Africans being Carried to a Slave Ship, Gold Coast, late 17th cent., from Thomas Astley (ed.), A New General Collection of Voyages and Travels (London, 1745-47), vol. 2, plate 61.

6. Benjamin Latrobe, “An Overseer Doing His Duty,” 1798.

7. Thomas Jefferson

10. Southwestern expansion of slavery, 1790-1860: Source: Henretta et al., America’s History Vol 1: To 1877 (Bedford/St. Martin, 4 th Ed., 2000), 293

12. Illustration from Solomon Northup, Twelve Years a Slave (1853), p. 88.

13. “And on the 12th of May, 1828, I heard a loud noise in the heavens, and the Spirit instantly appeared to me and said the Serpent was loosened, and Christ had laid down the yoke he had borne for the sins of men, and that I should take it on and fight against the Serpent, for the time was fast approaching when the first should be last and the last should be first. Ques. Do you not find yourself mistaken now? Ans. Was not Christ crucified.”

15. Status of slavery in the western territories

16. Cumberland Landing, Va. Group of "contrabands" at Foller's house, May 14, 1862.

18. Arlington, Va. Band of 107th U.S. Colored Infantry at Fort Corcoran, November 1865 Source: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/cwphome.html