1. Quiz 3 Topics Functions – using and writing. Lists: –operators used with lists. –keywords used with lists. –BIF’s used with lists. –list methods. Loops – still! Conditionals – still! File I/O, catching Exceptions. Exercises 1 to 5. Sets not on quiz. Winter 2016CISC101 - Prof. McLeod1

2. Today… Sets – for the Spell Checker assignment. Functions, Cont.: –Look at bit more closely at using functions. –Keyword and Default arguments. (if we have time) Winter 2016CISC101 - Prof. McLeod2

3. Sets One of the Python collection types. Makes your work in assn 3 much easier! See section 5.4 in the Python Tutorial and section 4.9 in the Python Library Reference. Winter 2016CISC101 - Prof. McLeod3

4. Mathematical Set Operations Set Union operation: Set Intersection operation: Winter 2016CISC101 - Prof. McLeod4 All elements from both sets. Duplicates are eliminated. Just elements that are common to both sets.

5. Mathematical Set Operations, Cont. Set Difference operation: There are other operations, but these are the most common ones. The assignment makes the most use of Intersection, but Difference might also be useful. Winter 2016CISC101 - Prof. McLeod5 The elements from set “A” that are not in set “B”.

6. Sets, Cont. Suppose you have a set of candidate words and you have the dictionary of words as a set: In order to find out which of the candidate words are actually words, carry out an Intersection operation. If you have a set of the high probability words and a set of the low probability words carry out a difference to eliminate the words from the other set that are the same. Winter 2016CISC101 - Prof. McLeod6

7. Sets in Python A set is mutable (use frozenset if you want an immutable set). Use the set() BIF to create a set from a list. Duplicates will be eliminated. A set is hashed, not indexed. So the slice operator and other operations like sorting and indexing will not work. Things like in, len() and the for loop will work (but you don’t need any of these in the assignment). Winter 2016CISC101 - Prof. McLeod7

8. Sets in Python, Cont. To carry out an Intersection, invoke the.intersection method and supply the other set as an argument. For the Difference operation, invoke the.difference method. See some sample code on the next slide: Winter 2016CISC101 - Prof. McLeod8

9. Python Set Interpreter Demo Winter 2016CISC101 - Prof. McLeod9

10. 10 Invoking Functions - Overview Name the function and then use round brackets. The brackets can be empty or have one or more arguments inside. For example: print() Displays a linefeed on the console. print("Hello") Displays the string Hello on the console. print("Hello", "Alan") Displays Hello and then Alan, separated by a space on the console. Winter 2016

11. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod11 Invoking Functions, Cont. Arguments are separated by commas. Arguments can be: –Literal values. –Variables. –Expressions. In the case of a variable or an expression, it is first evaluated to come up with the resulting value before it is fed into the function. Winter 2016

12. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod12 Keyword Arguments The previous print() examples used positional arguments. We have also done things like: print("Hello", "Alan", sep="\n") The two strings will be on different lines this time. The sep="\n" thing is called a keyword argument. We will learn more about keyword arguments and default arguments later! Winter 2016

13. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod13 Function Returns A function may return something. Functions that don’t return anything (like print(), for example) are sometimes called procedures or void functions. Can you think of some functions that return something? –input() –float() –str() –len() –sorted() –…–… Winter 2016

14. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod14 Function Returns This “thing” that is returned can be any Python type such as a string, a list, an int, a float, etc. It is also possible to return multiple things in Python: a, b, c = someFunction(arg1, arg2) But, is the a, b, c part three “things” or just one thing really? What type is it? Winter 2016

15. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod15 A Function with Parameters Here is a (useless) function that displays the higher of two numbers: def showHighest(num1, num2) : if num1 > num2 : print(num1, "is higher.") else : print(num2, "is higher.") Winter 2016

16. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod16 A Function with Parameters, Cont. So, when you invoke this (completely useless) function from within some other function (main() perhaps…), you need to supply two things for the parameters - you supply two arguments: showHighest(3.4, 6.7) The code in showHighest() runs and the larger number is displayed. Within showHighest(), num1 has the value 3.4 and num2 has the value 6.7 Winter 2016

17. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod17 A Function with Parameters, Cont. To put it another way: The positional arguments 3.4 and 6.7 have been mapped into the parameters num1 and num2. num1 and num2 are variables that have been created in the function’s parameter list and are local to the function. Winter 2016

18. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod18 Functions Returning a Value How can showHighest() be changed to return the highest number instead of printing it out? (It is kind of tacky to have functions print things instead of returning them - let main() do the printing!) def getHighest(num1, num2) : if num1 > num2 : return num1 else : return num2 Winter 2016

19. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod19 Functions Returning a Value, Cont. Or: def getHighest(num1, num2) : if num1 > num2 : return num1 return num2 Winter 2016

20. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod20 Returning Values So, here are a few things you need to know about returning things: –You can have as many return statements as you want in a function. –If you don’t have a return statement, then your function does not return anything. It is invoked without expecting any value to come out of the function (no assignment required when invoking). –Execution of a function stops as soon as you execute the return statement, even if there is code after the return statement. Winter 2016

21. Jazzing Up the Parameter List When using a function, you might not always need or wish to supply all possible parameters. Or, you might not want to have to worry about the order of the arguments supplied. The use of keyword (when invoking) and default (when defining) arguments allows you to enhance the flexibility of how your function is used. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod21Winter 2016

22. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod22 Keyword Arguments Suppose you have a function with several parameters, but you don’t want to worry about supplying values in the matching order. You can use keyword arguments to supply the arguments in any order with the syntax: parameterName=argument in the parameter list. See KeywordArgumentsDemo.py Winter 2016

23. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod23 Keyword Arguments, Cont. All positional arguments must come before keyword arguments. But, the keyword arguments can be in any order. Unless the function has default arguments, you must still supply arguments for each parameter. Style note: No spaces on either side of the equals sign. Winter 2016

24. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod24 Default Arguments You can make a function a great deal more flexible by making it optional for the user to supply all the arguments. You do this by creating default arguments in your function definition statement. Default arguments must come after all positional parameters. The same syntax as for Keyword Arguments, but this time it is used in the def line instead of the invoking line. See DefaultArgumentsDemo.py Winter 2016

25. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod25 Default Arguments, Cont. You must decide which parameters are optional, if any. Then you must make assumptions to come up with values for those optional parameters. Supplying an argument value for a default argument replaces the default value. We will see quite a bit of this stuff when using Tkinter! Reduces the need for multiple function versions. Winter 2016

26. Example: The print() BIF We know that print() can have any number of positional arguments. It also has sep= and end= default arguments. They have been defaulted as sep=" " and end="\n" In other words the default separator between printed items is a space and a linefeed will be added to the output after the last item has been printed. You can only change these values using the keyword arguments. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod26Winter 2016