1. National Unity Plural society – Malays, Chinese and Indians -Sabah – Bajau, Dusun, Murut Bisaya, Kadayun, Orang Sungai Orang Laut, Orang Brunei -Sarawak – Bidayuh, Bisaya, Iban, Kayan, Kedayan, Kelabit, Kenyah, Melanau, Malays, Murut, Penan, Punan

2. Race composition -Bumiputera – 11.95m (Malays 10 233 200) -Chinese – 5 445 100m -Indians – 1 541 700m -Other communities - 685700 -Citizens – 20 196 600 -Non-Citizens – 1 468 900 -Malays form the largest ethnic group in Malaysia

3. People who originated with the same general physical and cultural features, different from people of other races. Scattered all over extending from Taiwan in the north to the pacific islands in the south from Papua New Guinea in the east to Madagascar in the west.

4. Many historians doubt the theory that the Malays descended from the Deutro-Malays who migrated from Yunan in South China around 1500 B.C. due to lack of evidence. Malay population focussed around rural areas, agriculture, farming, fishing, handicraft. Imperialists did not do much to change their lives. Various political and economic policies has changed the lives of the Malays

5. Malays – Banjar, Boyan, Bugis, Jawa, Kampar, Kerinci, Mendaling, Minangkabau, Rawa, Johor-Riau -People in Malay Archipelago moved freely from one area to another. Normal migration from one Malay area to another. 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty put a stop to this with a boundary separating Malaya and Indonesia.

6. - Malays indigenous people of Peninsula Malaysia. The special position of the Malays is provided in Article 153 of the constitution. -Poverty, political and economic stability in Malaya, family problems, political instability in Indonesia prompted migration which mostly took place during British era in Malaya. Came as labourers to work in the coffee and rubber plantations.

7. Chinese -From China as early as the Malacca Sultanate. -Involved in trading. Came in large numbers during the 18 th and 19 th century after opening of Penang and Singapore. -Settled in Malacca, Kuala Trengganu and mouth of Johor and Pahang rivers.

8. - Malay chiefs brought Chinese to work in tin mines after tin was found in Larut in 1848. Later British brought in Chinese from the Straits Settlements. -Population of Malaya increased. 1870 population of Malaya less than ½ a million. 1921 increased to 3.3 million. 1931 Malay population was 44.7%, Non- Malays 53.2%

9. -From the 53.2%, 39.9% were Chinese -After independence, Malay population increased. -Malays – 49.8% -Chinese – 37.2% -Indians – 11.3% -Others – 1.8% -Many nons returned to their country of origin partly due to strict citizenship laws

10. -Chinese brought in by Chinese and European merchants after getting mining concessions, opening of gabbier and pepper plantations along rivers in Johor. Letter of authorization given by Temenggong of Johor known as Surat Sungai to a Chinese Chieftain (Kangcu) to open a plantation. -Population increased because of

11. - Opening of tin mines -Political stability in Malaya -Escape from natural disasters in China -Political instability and unfavorable economic conditions in China -The Chinese were not considered a threat as far as population composition was concerned. Later they decided to stay permanently. After M.U. Chinese became citizens.

12. - In Sabah not many Chinese. Worked in tobacco plantations. -In Sarawak more Chinese. Worked in gold mines in Bau. Later turned to agriculture. -Majority of Malaysian Chinese came from Hokkien and Kwangtung regions of South China. Brought by labour recruiters (agents). Served their employers until all cost paid up.

13. How they entered Malaya -Credit Ticket System – village chief recruited workers. Workers given tickets stating destination and whether paid-up or on credit. Recruits known as Sinkheh handed to coolie brokers on arrival and distributed to employers. System banned by the British in 1914. -Personnel Recruiting System – replaced Credit Ticket System. A mandor or broker sent to China to recruit workers. Fare paid by employer.

14. - Kongsi House Recruiting System – an agent in China supplied workers to a Kongsi house in Malaya. The expenses paid by the agent. Kongsi House supplies the workers to employers for a certain fee. -Individual Arrangements – some Chinese choose to come on their own or with the help of friends or family members who were already in Malaya.

15. - In Groups – come in groups and started settlements such as the Foochow community in Sarawak and Sitiawan. Starting from 1930 British checked Chinese migration with the Immigration Control Act. Many Chinese unemployed due to economic depression. Immigrants had to be physically fit and be sure of employment before arrival. Fee charged for landing permit. Fare became more expensive. Number of immigrants reduced.

16. Indians -Arrived here well before 19 th century. Skilful in commerce. Came as traders in small numbers. -During Malacca Sultanate, Tamil-Muslim influence important in the ruling system. Recognized as propagators of Islam. Existence of Kampung Kling in Malacca.

17. - After 1786, Indians brought in by British to work in sugar cane plantations and as domestic help. -After 1824, British brought Indian prisoners from Bencoolen to construct roads, government buildings and bridges. -1840’s Indians brought to work in sugar cane plantations in Province Wellesly

18. - Two groups of Indians in Malaya after 1840’s, prisoners and plantation workers. -After 1874,Indian workers recruited to work in coffee and tea plantations in FMS and in Johor. Indian labour was cheap and easily recruited because India under British. -Most labourers were from South India. 80% Tamils. Others include Malabaris, Telugus. -Malayalis and Ceylonese were white collar workers. Came to work as clerks, hospital assistants and railway employees.

19. - Punjabi Indians worked as sepoys in the British army and also in transport business. Factors leading to migration of Indians -Employment opportunities very few because of scarcity of land for agriculture. British imposed policies that impeded Indian textile industry causing unemployment -Shortage of food due to drought caused starvation

20. -Caste system strictly followed undermined employment opportunities for those from lower caste. -Rapid population increase -British increased land tax which burdened farmers. -British encouraged migration because Indian labour was cheap

21. - Rapid economic development in Malaya attracted the Indians. Opening of sugar cane, coffee, tea and later rubber and oil palm plantations imposed a need for cheap labour. Besides labourers, some involved in business esp. money-lending business, restaurants, hairdressing, textile, grocery, book stores and a few in legal and medical professions

22. Caste system was still strong in Malaya with each group with its own society, language (dialect), religion How Indians entered Malaya -Contract Labour System – recruiting representatives or agencies sent to India. Labourer must serve employer until he repays expenses incurred for his passage to Malaya. Banned by British in 1910 because labourers oppressed.

23. -Kangani System – a supervisor or mandur sent to India to recruit workers. All expenses paid by employer but had to be repaid by the labourer. Better treated. Licence to recruit workers was issued by British Resident and later by the Chairman of the Indian Immigration Committee -Individual Arrangements – labourers came on their own and free to choose nature and destination of work. Mostly worked as plantation labourers on yearly contracts. Decreased from 1859 due to passenger tax imposed by British.

24. Orang Asli -Indigenous people and also defined as bumiputera -3 major groups – Senoi, Proto-Malay (Melayu Asli) and Semang (Negrito) -Senoi – Semai, Temiar, Che Wong, Jah-hut, Semoq Beri, Mahmeri. Found in Perak, Pahang, South Kelantan, coastal Terangganu and Selangor.

25. - Proto-Malay – Temuan, Semelai, Jakun, Orang Kanaq, Orang Kuala, Orang Seletar. Live in Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Kota Tinggi and coastal Johor -Semang – Kensiu, Kintaq, Jahai, Lanoh, Bateq, Mendriq. Found in north-east Kedah, northern, central and north-east Perak, north-eastern Pahang, Trengganu, south-east Kelantan. Undergoing development through resettlement, education opportunities and health facilities.

26. Religion -Islam – official religion of the country -Buddhism -Hinduism – Saivite, Vaishnavite -Christianity -Confucianism -Taoism