1. Culture and Civilization

2. ROMAN CULTURE

3. City of Rome Forum Romanum – business, religion, & government center – 5 major temples Temple of Vesta – cūria: senate house – 2 basilicae: court, meeting place – rostra: tribunal, platform for speeches

4. City of Rome Cloaca Maxima: sewer system Circus Maximus – 6 th century BCE – first stadium built – horse racing & chariot racing track

5. City of Rome Colosseum – Flavian Amphitheater – construction 72 CE – 80 CE – started by Vespasian – completed by Titus – amphitheater gladiatorial fights hunts naval battles

6. City of Rome Campus Martius – plain, “field of Mars” – area for training soldiers – meeting place for law-making assembly Pantheon – 27 BCE – rotunda with half sphere-dome roof – shrine to all the gods

7. City of Rome 7 hills within walls of Rome Can Queen Victoria Eat Cold Apple Pie? 1.Capitoline Hill: hill of the gov’t; Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 2.Quirinal Hill: hill of the Sabines 3.Viminal Hill: smallest hill; least important 4.Esquiline Hill: Nero’s “golden house” 5.Caelian Hill: home of wealthy aristocrats 6.Aventine Hill: Remus’s hill; home of plebs 7.Palatine Hill: Romulus’s hill; home of Augustus

9. City of Rome Via Appia – Appius Claudius began construction, 312 BCE – “the queen of long roads” – built for military purposes – originally a route from Rome to Capua – extended from Capua to Brundisium

11. Daily Life Villa – ātrium: main hall & reception room, containing larārium – compluvium: opening in the roof through which rain entered – cubiculum: bedroom – culīna: kitchen – hortus: garden – impluvium: pool in the middle of the ātrium to collect rainwater – īnsula: apartments for common Romans – peristȳlium: colonnaded garden courtyard at rear of house – tablīnum: study/office between the ātrium & peristȳlium – trīclīnium: dining room, which opened onto the hortus

13. Daily Life Food – ientaculum: small breakfast bread – prandium: between breakfast & dinner leftovers cold meat, bread – cēna: huge meal 1.gustatio: salads, radishes, mushrooms, eggs, shellfish, honeyed wine 2.prima mensa: 6-7 dishes of a variety of fish, poultry, meat 3.secunda mensa: honeyed cakes, apples, pears, grapes, nuts, figs, wine/water mixture – ab ovis ad mala: “from egg to apples”

14. Daily Life Clothing – tunica: undergarment children and slaves wore only a tunica – stola: long, pleated dress worn over tunica; with or without sleeves – palla: long shawl-like garment worn outside typically over one shoulder & across body; can be pulled up over head – toga: toga praetexta: toga with a broad purple stripe near edge, worn by boys, magistrates, & priests toga virilis: off-white “everyday” toga for adult male citizens toga candida: dazzling white toga for candidate running for election

15. Education lūdī magister: lower school teacher (“master of training”) – reading, writing, arithmetic – paedagōgus: slave escort/chaperone/bodyguard of pupils – tabulae: wooden tablets coated with wax – stilus: writing stick grammaticus: middle school teacher – grammar, Greek & Latin literature rhētor: upper school teacher – public speaking

16. Recreational & Entertainment Thermae – apodytērium: changing room, cubby storage – tepidārium: warm room – caldārium: hot room strigil hypocaust system – frigidārium: cold room – palaestra: exercise field

17. Recreational & Entertainment Chariot racing (lūdī: “games”) – auriga: charioteer – carcer: “prison” – factiones: teams (by colors) veneti: blue (prasini rivals) prasini: green (most popular) russata: read albata: white – mappa: white cloth, signaled start of race – meta: turning post – spina: low wall through the center of circus, w/ statues and obelisks

18. Recreational & Entertainment Gladiatorial combat (lūdī: “games”) – murmillō (secutor): heavily-armored with gladius “the fish-man” for the fish on his helmet (“the follower”) – thrax: lightly-armored Thracian with curved sword – rētiārius: lightly-armored net fighter with trident – Samnites: heavily-armored Samnite with large shields & gladius – bēstiārius: beast fighter with spear

19. Calendar Numbering days – Kalendae: the Kalends, first of the month – Idus: the Ides the 15 th day of Mar, May, Jul, Oct the 13 th day of all other months – Nonae: the Nones, 9 th day before the Ides (counting the Ides itself as the 1 st day) the 7 th day of Mar, May, Jul, Oct the 5 th day of all other months ante diem (a.d.): “__ th day before” – ante diem + [Roman numeral] + [Nones, Ides or Kalends] + [Month] – a.d. v Id. Mart. = Mar. 11 th (5 th day before Ides of March) pridie (pr): “the day before” Kalendas/Idus/Nonas – pridie + [Nones, Ides or Kalends] + [Month] – pr. Id. Mart. = Mar. 14 th

20. Calendar “March, July, October, May the Ides fall on the 15 th day, the Nones the seventh; all other months besides have two days less for Nones and Ides.” Menses – Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius, Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, December, February, January 710 A.U.C. – 754 (for the year 753 BCE) minus 710 = 44 BCE

21. Religion Capitoline Triad: Iuppiter, Iuno & Minerva: (the three gods most highly venerated by the Romans) Fas: divine law Lares & the Penates: gods of the household and cabinet, respectively Nefas: action/event/thing contrary to divine law, sacreligious Saturnalia: week-long post-harvest holiday Sybilline Books: ancient books containing oracles of Rome (advice about the future) – Romans relied on them in times of trouble (plagues, earthquakes, etc.) – books explained which religious rituals should be used to end calamity.

22. Religion sacerdotes – Pontifex Maximus: greatest priest – Flamines: priests assigned to a state-supported deity Interpreters of divine signs – augur: read omens usually in flight of birds – astrologus: read omens in alignment of stars and planets – haruspex: read omens in sacrificial animals Temple of Vesta: Vestal Virgins kept sacred fire burning Temple of Janus: always kept its doors open in times of war.

23. Ceremonies Weddings – wedding on chosen lucky day – groom led procession to bride’s family home, bridesmaids escorted bride to meet betrothed – bride’s hair styled, white woven tunic (tunica recta) with Knot of Hercules belt, orange wedding veil (flammeum) & orange shoes – exchange words of consent in front of witnesses – cake/sacrifice offering to gods, feast – procession to couple’s new home with bride carrying special torch (spina alba) to be tossed to guests later; walnuts thrown – groom carried bride over threshold so she wouldn’t trip (very bad omen)

24. Ceremonies Funerals – Procession: moving the dead followed by the mourners and noise- makers – Cremation/Burial: funeral pyre at the necropolis; body placed in a sarcophagus – Eulogy – Ritual Feast – Commemoration: honoring the deceased on certain days

25. Ceremonies Triumph: a ritual procession, the highest honor for general after a major land or sea battle – route: began at the Triumphal Gate in Campus Martius through the Via Sacra end at the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline – included musicians, sacrificial animals, spoils of war, captives in chains – victorious general riding chariot wearing purple/gold tunica/toga – slave holding laurel crown & repeatedly whispered “remember you are only a man”

27. Social Classes Senātōrēs: political noble class – optimates vs. populares vs. novus homo Equitēs: economic noble class – Possessed a stable minimum amount of wealth – Retired army officers, tribunes, centurions retired w/ equestrian rank Plebs: all other freeborn Roman citizens, marked by the toga Lībertī/lībertinī: freedpeople Servī: slaves

29. Cursus Honōrum Consul – Pontifex maximus: in charge of religion – Dictator: filled in times of extreme need or danger w/ max of six months, allowed to operate outside the authority of the other magistrates & senate – Censor: counted citizens, removed members from the senate, & controled public morality – Proconsul: provincial governor post-consulship Praetor: judged civil & criminal cases – Propraetor: provincial governor post-praetorship Aedile: supervised public games, streets, & buildings – 2 curule, 2 plebeian Quaestor: administered finances of treasure Tribune: reps with power of veto, protected rights of plebeians

30. Cursus Honōrum sella curulis: official chair of the highest magistrates senatus consultum: decree of martial law vigiles: policemen & firemen