1. Skin and the Integumentary System
PowerPoint Presentation to accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 10th edition, edited by S.C. Wache for Biol
Chapter 6
Skin and the Integumentary System

2. You are responsible for the following figures and tables: Fig. 6
You are responsible for the following figures and tables: Fig skin consists of CT and ET. ET - stratified squamous epithelium CT - irregular dense connective tissue ET - glandular epithelium CT - adipose tissue Read TB, p on 'epidermis', 'dermis', 'subcutaneous layer'. Tab Layers of the Epidermis Fig Skin. Fig Melanocytes. Fig Nails. Fig Eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. Hair. Read on cuts and burns, TB, pp Which epidermal layer has regenerative function ? Fig Wound Healing. Fig Extent of skin damage.

3. Epithelial Membranes (EM)
There are three types of EM:
Serous / Mucous / Cutaneous
The skin or cutaneous epithelial membrane, consisting of layers of ET called the epidermis and a layer of CT called the dermis, is an organ of the integumentary system.

4. Cutaneous Membrane = Skin
Skin contains two layers, the epidermis and the dermis.
The hypodermis is the layer underneath the skin.
Figure 6.2

5. Cutaneous Membrane
Beneath the dermis is loose connective and adipose tissue that binds the skin to underlying organs. This is the hypodermis / subcutaneous layer.

6. Cutaneous Membrane Function
Skin is a protective covering that prevents harmful substances from entering the body.
It helps regulate body temperature and water loss.
It houses sensory receptors and contains immune system cells.
It synthesizes chemicals and excretes some wastes.

7. Epidermis
It is composed of stratified squamous epithelium (ET).
Figure 6.3

8. Epidermis
It is composed of stratified squamous epithelium (ET) and a simple basal layer of cuboidal cells.
It lacks blood vessels, but the deepest layer, the stratum basale, is close to the dermis and receives nutrients.
The thickness of the epidermis varies with region of the body.

9. Layers of the Epidermis from deepest to top layer
Stratum basale: deepest layer, single row of cells that divide and grow
Stratum spinosum: flat cells specialize and synthesize keratin
Stratum granulosum: flat keratinized cells mature and nuclei appear shriveled
Stratum lucidum: clear cells
Stratum corneum: many layers of flat, dead, keratinized, nonnucleated cells that are shed
* The epidermis, like most epithelial tissues, regenerates. Epidermal cells exhibit high mitotic activity. They divide, grow, and die, while the new cells are already progressing through the same process.

10. Melanin – A Pigment Figure 6.4
It is a dark pigment produced by melanocytes in the basal layer.
Melanin absorbs UV light and prevents mutations and damage to cells.
basal layer
Figure 6.4

11. Skin Cancers Clinical Applications 6.1 (textbook p. 163)
Problem: Need balance between too much UV and
skin cancer and too little UV and Vit. D deficiency
due to lack of Vit. D synthesis in the absence of
sunlight.
Types of Skin Cancers:
Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma

12. Skin Cancers and Other Cancers
Carcinoma: a malignant tumor of epithelial origin
Melanoma: a benign or malignant skin tumor containing dark pigment; sometimes it is a tumor of high malignancy that starts in melanocytes of normal skin or moles and metastasizes rapidly and widely -- called also malignant melanoma, melanocarcinoma, melanoepithelioma, melanosarcoma
Sarcoma: a malignant neoplasm arising from connective tissue, bone,
cartilage, or striated muscle that spreads by extension into neighboring
tissue or by way of the bloodstream
From:

13. Dermis Structure
The dermis is separated from the epidermis by the basement membrane.
Epidermal ridges = dermal papillae project into the dermis. These dermal papillae are responsible for fingerprints.
The dermis binds the epidermis to the underlying tissues.
The dermis is composed of irregular dense connective tissue with collagen and elastin in a gel-like ground substance.

14. Dermis Function
Dermis contains muscle fibers. Smooth muscles are associated with follicles and glands.
Motor and sensory nerves and sensory receptors are found throughout the dermis.
The dermis contains blood vessels, hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands.

15. Subcutaneous Layer
The subcutaneous layer or hypodermis is made up of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue.
Collagenous and elastic fibers are continuous with those in the dermis.
The adipose tissue conserves body heat.
The subcutaneous layer contains the major blood vessels that supply the skin with oxygen, nutrients, and immune cells.

16. Accessory Organs: Hair Follicles
Hair develops from epidermal cells at the base of the hair follicle.
Epidermal cells keep dividing continuously, grow, and die.
Figure 6.6

17. Hair Follicles
Hair develops from epidermal cells at the base of the hair follicle.
Epidermal cells keep dividing continuously, grow, and die.
The dead cells make up the shaft of the hair.
The arrector pili muscle is a smooth muscle attached to the follicle.
It causes hair to stand upright on the skin.

18. Accessory Organ: Nails
consist of nail plate over a growing epithelium of the nail bed on the skin surface.
Figure 6.8

19. Nails
Nails consist of a nail plate over a growing epithelium of the nail bed on the skin surface.
The white lunula at the base of the nail is the region of most active growth.
Epithelial cells divide and become keratinized.

20. Sweat Glands Figure 6.10 – Eccrine Sweat Gland
These glands respond to increased body temperature and
function in evaporative cooling.
Figure 6.10 – Eccrine Sweat Gland

21. Sweat Glands
Sweat or sudoriferous glands are epithelial glands widespread in the skin.
Eccrine sweat glands respond to increased body temperature and function in evaporative cooling.
Apocrine sweat glands become active at puberty and secrete sweat that produces body odor when metabolized by bacteria.
They can respond to pain, fear, and emotions.
Modified sweat glands:
Ceruminous glands secrete ear wax.
Mammary glands secrete breast milk.

22. Sebaceous Glands
Sebaceous glands are holocrine glands associated with hair follicles.
Sebum , a mixture of fatty material and cellular debris, is secreted to keep hair and skin soft and waterproof.
Acne results from excess sebum secretion.

23. Figure 6.11

24. Problems in Temperature Regulation
Hypothermia or lowered body temperature is a dangerous condition resulting from cold exposure.
Hyperthermia or increased body temperature can result from inadequate body cooling during exercise or in extreme heat.
* Clinical Application 6.4

25. Skin Color Heredity and environment determine skin color.
The number of melanocytes is the same in all races, but more melanin is released in darker skinned individuals.
People who inherit mutant melanin genes do not produce this pigment and have nonpigmented skin and hair, albinism.

26. Other Factors Influencing Skin Color
Ultraviolet light and X-rays stimulate melanocytes to synthesize melanin.
Oxygenated blood creates a pink tint to skin while lack of oxygen results in cyanosis where the skin appears bluish.
Carotene, found in yellow vegetables, can create a yellow or sallow tint to skin.
Jaundice due to liver malfunction can create a bright yellow color in the skin.

27. Skin Healing
Superficial cuts heal due to increased epithelial cell division.
Dermal cuts involve clotting and scab formation. Growth factors stimulate cell division and growth and scars may form.

28. Skin Healing - Burns
Superficial partial-thickness (first degree) burns involve redness of the epidermis.
Deep partial-thickness (second degree) burns destroy the epidermis and some of the dermis. Fluid escapes causing blisters.
Full-thickness (third degree) burns destroy the epidermis, dermis, and accessory skin organs.
Treatment of burns involves estimating the burn surface area by the “rule of nines” (Fig. 6.14)