2. 《高级英语》 精品课程 第二册 绍兴文理学院元培学院

3. Disappearing Through the Skylight: Culture and Technology in the Twentieth Century

4. Disappearing Through the Skylight is not only the title of this chapter but also the title of the book. The book has a sub-title, “ Culture and Technology in the Twentieth Century ”

5. The Book As for the central theme of this book, the writer says, “ This book is about the ways culture has changed in the past century, changing the identities of all those born into it. Its metaphor for the effect of change on culture is “ disappearance ”.

6. The Book As for the “disappearance”, Hardison says, “In the nineteenth century, science presented nature as a group of objects set comfortably and solidly in the middle distance before the eyes of the beholder. In the work of D ’ Arcy Thompson, published around the turn of the century, nature has disappeared. It has become a set of geometric and mathematical relations that lie under the surface of the visible…. ….Today, nature has slipped, perhaps finally, beyond our field of vision.”

7. A logical conclusion can be found in the final paragraph of this key chapter that “As surely as nature is being swallowed up by the mind, the banks, you might say, are disappearing through their own skylights”.

8. Disappearing Through the Skylight The metaphorical phrase “Disappearing Through the Skylight” is used to describe the changed appearance of modern banks which seem to be disappearing.

9. Main views in this key chapter 1.The writer puts forward the central theme of “ disappearance ”– nature disappears, history disappears and even the solid banks disappears. (Central Theme) 2.He puts forward the idea of the universalizing tendency of science and technology. (The universalizing effect and reflection is world styles.)

10. Main views in this key chapter 3. The modern man is no longer a unique individual, the product of a special environment and culture. The homogeneous world he now lives in universalizes him. He becomes a cosmopolitan, a citizen of the world.

11. Main views in this key chapter 4. The disappearance of history is a form of liberation and this feeling of liberation is often expressed through play. The playfulness of science has produced game theory and virtual particles, in art it has produced the paintings of Picasso and Joan Miro and so on.

12. Scientific writing (English for science and technology) 1. technical terms –cylinder block; carburettor; thermodynamics; etc. 2. objective: relying on facts, not involve emotion, –seldom use figures of speech, exclamation –the use of present tense –the use of passive voice

13. Scientific writing 3. sentences: a) complete no contractions (dep't -- department) b) long 1) compound sentences 2) appositions 3) parenthesis 4) logical connectors – such as : however; but; also; yet; finally; while; as ; not only; just as...so; etc.

14. Scientific writing Generally this technical writing tends to be very formal. Yet the characteristics of any kind of language style is not absolute. In order to meet the needs of the work for popular science, many scientific workers try to adopt a more popular style. Then there comes a popular scientific and technical writing style.

15. Characteristics 1.limit the use of technical terms 2.examples--- to make the writing more vivid and appealing to the readers

16. Characteristics 3. figures of speech-- to make the sentences figurative so that the readers can easily understand and associate them with what they are familiar with 4. noun pre-modifiers –game theory; human growth genes; theme park; museum villages; world car; etc

17. Rhetorical devices Metaphor Analogy Rhetorical question Repetition Balanced structure … Task: Try to find examples of each rhetorical device used in the text.

18. Organizational pattern The chapter is clearly and logically organized. The author’s views are presented at the beginning of a paragraph: science is committed to the universal and developed or illustrated in the paragraph itself or by succeeding paragraphs. Major examples 1) automobile industry (para 2—8) 2) modern art (para 9—13) 3) modern culture (para.14-15) 4) architect of banks (16—19)

19. Detailed study of the text

20. Find and comment on the use of topic sentences. The writer' s views are generally clearly and succinctly presented as a topic sentence at the beginning of each paragraph and then developed or illustrated in the paragraph itself or by succeeding paragraphs.

21. Commit 1) to promise or give your loyalty, time or money to a particular principle, person or plan of action; give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause. The government must commit itself to improving health care. She is known chiefly for her commitment to nuclear disarmament. 2) to do something wrong or illegal commit crimes/ murder/rape/arson/ suicide / adultery/error/offence, etc 3) commit something to paper. commit something to memory

22. Science is committed to … Science is engaged in the task of making its basic concepts understood and accepted by scientists all over the world. This concept of universality and uniformity is one of the basic views of the author.

23. mutation – change, alternation 1. a change in the genetic structure of an animal or plant that makes it different from others of the same kind( 转变 ; 突变 ; 变异 ) A series of mutations has resulted in large grains of wheat. a mutation that causes mice to be born blind 2. technical a change in a speech sound, especially a vowel, because of the sound of the one next to it

24. discredit discredit: to make sth stop believing that sth is true ---discreditable: bad and unacceptable, causing people to lose respect Cf. Credit belief; trust; confidence to believe or admit that someone has a quality, or has done something good… creditable : deserving praise or approval

25. Para 2. science: (universalized) universality  technology: universalizing tendency:  world homogeneous (uniform; same; alike * diversity)  world /international style  diminishment of Identities and differences  disappearance of history.

26. Corollary corollary: corollaries [countable] formal something that is the direct result of something else corollary of/to Is social inequality the inevitable corollary of economic freedom?

27. homogeneous homogeneous: consisting of people or things that are all of the same type; having similarity in structure because of common descent. = uniform; similar or identical  The working class is not quite so homogeneous in its political preference. Cf. heterogeneous

28. variety variation

29. streamline 1. to form something into a smooth shape, so that it moves easily through the air or water. All these new cars have been streamlined. efforts to streamline the production process 2. to make something such as a business, organization etc work more simply and effectively. Streamlined

30. It was the automotive equivalent of the International Style. The idea of a world car is similar to the idea of having a world style for architecture. Or: As architecture was moving toward a common International Style, it was natural for the automobile to do the same.

31. As in … automaking This is an elliptical balanced sentence. The full sentence may read: “ Things that are happening in automaking are similar to those happening in architecture. ”

33. 1962 Lincoln Continental Convertible

34. 1969 Lincoln Continental Mark III

35. Cadillac

36. 1932 Volkswagen Beetle Type 12

37. Volkswagen Beetle

38. No longer quite an individual, no longer quite the product of a unique geography and culture. The modern man no longer has very distinct individual traits shaped by a special environment and culture ．

39. How has man become cosmopolitan? He drives cars that have the same basic features. When he goes shopping, he finds the climate in all the shops is the same because they are all similarly air- conditioned. When he travels he finds all the airports to be familiar because they are all constructed along similar lines and the hotels to have the same amenities. In a word, he finds himself at home in all countries and places.

40. The price … of the word, the benefit …limitations The disadvantage of being a cosmopolitan is that he loses a home in the old sense of the word. The benefit of being a cosmopolitan is that he begins to think the old kind of home probably restricts his development and activities.

41. The universalizing …irresistible. The compelling force of technology to universalize cannot be resisted.

42. Barring..culture Excepting a great disaster brought about by a nuclear war, the universalizing power of technology will continue to influence modern culture and the consciousness of people who inhabit that culture. barring: unless there should be; excepting His back is broken and, barring a miracle, he won't walk again.

43. Para.9 From this paragraph onwards the writer puts forward and develops the main theme of this chapter and the central theme of his book ---the insubstantiality of the world, the disappearance of traditional concepts, of the material objects we used to see with our ordinary eyes. This is specially and clearly reflected in modern art and architecture.

44. Francis Picabia (1879-1953) 皮卡比亚

45. Francis Picabia (1879-1953) a French painter, poet, and typographist, associated with both the Dada and Surrealist art movements. French Dadaist /Surrealist Painter

46. Machine Turn Quickly, 1916-1918, tempera on paper, United States National Gallery of ArtNational Gallery of Art

47. The Joy in Blindness / Bonheur de l'aveuglement. 1947. Oil on wood. Private collection.

48. Dada or Dadaism (1916-1924) a cultural movement that began in Zurich, Switzerland, during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1922. The movement primarily involved visual arts, literature— poetry, art manifestoes, art theory—theatre, and graphic design, and concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti- art cultural works. Its purpose was to ridicule what its participants considered to be the meaninglessness of the modern world. In addition to being anti-war, dada was also anti-bourgeois and anarchist in nature.

49. Dada or Dadaism Many Dadaists believed that the 'reason' and 'logic' of bourgeois capitalist society had led people into war. They expressed their rejection of that ideology in artistic expression that appeared to reject logic and embrace chaos and irrationality.

50. Dada or Dadaism Summary: Dadaism or Dada is a post-World War I cultural movement in visual art as well as literature (mainly poetry), theatre and graphic design. The movement was, among other things, a protest against the barbarism of the War and what Dadaists believed was an oppressive intellectual rigidity in both art and everyday society; its works were characterized by a deliberate irrationality and the rejection of the prevailing standards of art. It influenced later movements including Surrealism.Surrealism

51. Dada or Dadaism According to its proponents, Dada was not art; it was anti-art. For everything that art stood for, Dada was to represent the opposite. Where art was concerned with aesthetics, Dada ignored them. If art is to have at least an implicit or latent message, Dada strives to have no meaning----interpretation of Dada is dependent entirely on the viewer. If art is to appeal to sensibilities, Dada offends. Perhaps it is then ironic that Dada is an influential movement in Modern art. Dada became a commentary on art and the world, thus becoming art itself.

52. Dada or Dadaism The founders included the French artist Jean Arp and the writers Hugo Ball and Tristan Tzara. Francis Picabia and Marcel Duchamp were also key contributors. Jean ArpFrancis PicabiaMarcel Duchamp The Dada movement evolved into Surrealism in the 1920's. Surrealism

53. Anti-art Anti-art is a loosely-used term applied to an array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior definitions of art and question art in general. Anti-art tends to conduct this questioning and rejection from the vantage point of art. The term is associated with the Dada movement and is generally accepted as attributable to Marcel Duchamp pre-World War I, when he began to use found objects as art.Dada Marcel DuchampWorld War Ifound objects

54. Anti-art An expression of anti-art can take the form of art or not. In general, anti-art rejects only some aspects of art. Depending on the case, "anti-artworks" may reject conventional artistic standards.

55. Marcel Duchamp L.H.O.O.Q. 1919

56. Surrealism Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities during World War I and the most important center of the movement was Paris. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the visual arts, literature, film and music of many countries and languages, as well as political thought and practice, philosophy and social theory.DadaWorld War I Parisvisual arts literaturefilmmusic politicalphilosophysocial theory

57. Surrealism a 20th century style and movement in art and literature in which images and events that are not connected are put together in a strange or impossible way, like a dream, to try to express what is happening deep in the mind. Surrealist works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur ( 前后不符 ; 不合理的推论 ). emphasis on content and free form

58. Surrealism The major Surrealist painters were Jean Arp; Max Ernst; André Masson; René Magritte; Yves Tanguy; Salvador Dalí; Pierre Roy; Paul Delvaux; Joan Miró.

59. Joan Miró Portrait of Joan Miro, Barcelona 1935.

60. Joan Miró Painting of Rooster (left) Joan Miro Painting "Daybreak“ right)

61. Joan Miró, The Tilled Field, (1923–1924), Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. This early painting, a complex arrangement of objects and figures, was Miró's first Surrealist masterpiece

62. Marcel Duchamp ( 1887 – 1968) French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist movements.Dadaist Surrealist Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (French: Nu descendant un escalier n° 2) is a 1912 painting by Marcel Duchamp. The work is widely regarded as a Modernist classic and has become one of the most famous of its time. In its first presentation at the Parisian Salon des Indépendants, it was rejected by the Cubists and caused a huge stir during its exhibition at the 1913 Armory Show in New York following a press copy of an abuse scandal. The work is now found in permanent exhibition at the Louis and Walter Arensberg Collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art in Philadelphia. Marcel DuchampModernistSalon des IndépendantsCubists Armory ShowPhiladelphia Museum of Art Philadelphia

63. Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 The painting combines elements of both the Cubist and Futurist movements. In the composition, Duchamp depicts motion by successive superimposed (叠加的) images, similar to stroboscopic (频闪观测的) motion photography.

64. The original Fountain by Marcel Duchamp, 1917,Marcel Duchamp Fountain is a 1917 work by Marcel Duchamp. It is one of the pieces which he called readymades (also known as found art), because he made use of an already existing object—in this case a urinal, which he titled Fountain and signed "R. Mutt". The art show to which Duchamp submitted the piece stated that all works would be accepted, but Fountain was not actually displayed, and the original has been lost. The work is regarded by some as a major landmark in 20th century art. Replicas commissioned by Duchamp in the 1960s are now on display in a number of different museums.Marcel Duchampreadymadesfound art

65. the Eiffel Tower, Paris

66. an immense structure of exposed latticework supports made of puddle iron, was erected for the Paris Exposition of 1889.

67. the Eiffel Tower, Paris However, the controversial tower elicited some strong reactions, and a petition of 300 was presented to the city government, protesting its construction. "We, the writers, painters, sculptors, architects and lovers of the beauty of Paris, do protest with all our vigor and all our indignation, in the name of French taste and endangered French art and history, against the useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower."

68. the Eiffel Tower, Paris Nature lovers thought that it would interfere with the flight of birds over Paris. But the Eiffel Tower was admired by Rousseau, Utrillo, Chagall, and Delaunay. It was almost torn down in 1909 at the expiration of its 20-year lease, but was saved because of its antenna — used for telegraphy at that time. Beginning in 1910 it became part of the International Time Service. French radio (since 1918), and French television (since 1957) have also made use of its stature. In the 1960s, it was the subject of a wonderful study by semiologist Roland Barthes.

69. Machine aesthetics Architecture that suggested something machine- made, acknowledging industrialization, mass- production, and engineering, or that used elements of metal structures (ships, aeroplanes, motorcars, etc.) in an eclectic fashion, more a matter of arriving at an appearance than of actually being what it seemed, a fact that contradicted demands for honesty and truth in architecture, and denied the logic of structural principles.machine- madeengineering

70. Machine aesthetics Term applied to the concept of the machine as a source of beauty, a concept particularly important in the development of art and design in Europe and North America in the 20th century. It can be argued, however, that the origins of the machine aesthetic lie in the 19th century, although few 19th-century architects, designers or writers were willing to think of machines as in themselves potential sources of beauty.

71. 机器美学 机器美学 : 其含义有三方面：其一，建筑应象机器一样 符合实际的功用，强调功能和形式之间的逻辑 关系，反对 附加装饰；其二，建筑象机器那样可以放置在任何地方， 强调建筑风格的普遍适应性；其三，建筑应象机器那样高 效，强调建筑和经济之间的关系。柯布西耶的 “ 房屋是居住 的机器 ” 就是基于这种思想而提出的。 机器美学追求机器造型中的简洁、秩序和几何形式以 及机器本身所体现出来的理性和逻辑性，以产生一种标准 化的、纯而又纯的模式。其视觉表现一般是以简单立方体 及其变化为基础的，强调直线、空间、比例、体积等要素， 并抛弃一切附加的装饰。在机器美学被实际应用到机器本 身之前，首先在建筑和一些实用艺术品上得到体现。在这 里，对于机器的兴趣不如说是对于简单、抽象形式的兴。

72. Machine aesthetics

73. Le Corbusier (1887-1965) Designs

74. proposition / propose 1. The proposition is so clear that it needs no explanation. (statement) 2. I made what I hoped was an attractive proposition. (suggestion /proposal) 3. It's a tough/not an easy proposition. ((infml 口 ) matter to be dealt with; problem or task; a person or matter to be dealt with) 要对付处理的人或事物 a tough ~ 难对付的人或事物 4. technical something that must be proved, or a question to which the answer must be found - used in geometry ( 命题 )

75. evade get, keep out of the way of –~ a blow –~ one ’ s enemies –~ an attack –~ paying income tax

76. Reminisce ~ (about sth/sb) to think, talk or write about a happy time in your past; to talk or think about pleasant events in your past. We spent the evening reminiscing about our university days. He is writing his reminiscences. The novel contains endless reminiscences of/about the author's youth. Your reminiscences are the experiences you remember from the past, often written in a book. 回忆, 缅怀往事

77. main idea of para.9 When every artist thought it was his duty to show his contempt for and objection to the Eiffel tower which they considered an irreverent architectural structure. Machines soon originated new ideas and problems that could not be handled by the old ways of thinking, which is a flexible and pliable quality that was beyond human powers and absolutely new.

78. In paragraph 10 rhetorical questions The writer uses many rhetorical questions to introduce his central theme and to emphasize his arguments on the insubstantiality of the world.

79. It has thus undermined an article of faith: the thingliness of things. People used to firmly believe that the things they saw around them were real solid substances but this has now been thrown into doubt by science. 这就动摇了人们认为世界的物质是客观实 在的信念。

80. Para. 11 The skepticism…the soul.“ This doubt of science about the thingliness ( 物体属性、客观实在性 )of things means there is now a new evaluation of the humanity of art. This evaluation is entirely in keeping with what Kandinsky in his book On the Spiritual in Art says about beautiful art. He says that beautiful art reflects the inner need of a man’s soul.

81. It is a world …a content. The world of nature that modern art reveals no longer contains the material objects we were familiar with. Instead, the world is now filled with images produced by the mind. This has made the world almost empty of history because history has to be associated with the objective existence of material things.

82. scepticism BrE skepticism AmE The company's environmental claims have been greeted/regarded/treated with scepticism by conservationists. Many experts remain sceptical about/of his claims. People say it can cure colds, but I'm a bit of a sceptic.

83. radical a radical flaw, error, fault, etc in the system a radical solution to the problem radical proposals / measures radical politicians / students / writers They are political / religious radicals.

84. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) Pablo Picasso in 1962

85. Guernica by Pablo Picasso. 1937. His landmark painting Guernica is an impassioned allegorical condemnation of Fascism and war.

86. Three Musicians 1921

87. Playfulness 玩兴, 玩耍性（ Playfulness ）不只带来乐趣， 也有助于打破成规、放松身心与创造表现。

88. mock-heroic –a satirical imitation of heroic verse –ridiculing or burlesquing heroic style, character, or action –E.g. a mock-heroic poem 嘲弄 ( 或滑稽 ) 地模仿英雄风格的作品

89. black holes *6image-11blackhole*

90. cannibalism –the act or practice of eating one ’ s own kind (esp of people who eat human flesh) 同类相残

91. by introducing …. Science, in its playfulness, introduces human growth genes into cows and this forces students of ethics to redefine cannibalism. Does the eating of such cows with their human genes constitute cannibalism?

92. It is announced... Neomodernism and by the fantastic... adhocism: This playfulness of the modern aesthetic is fully displayed in every city in the developed world by the playful and fantastic (imaginary and is very strange and magical) buildings of postmodernism and neomodernism. In these cities one will also find side by side fantastic buildings representing the styles of collage ( 抽象拼贴画 ) city and urban adhocism

93. 它在发达世界的每座城市里都通过后现代 主义和新现代主义的奇形怪状和荒诞的建 筑物，通过把各种建筑风格奇特地拼凑在 一起得到反映，而这恰恰是拼贴画式的城 市和无计划的大杂烩城市的典型表现。

94. fantastic odd, strange or wild in shape, meaning etc not controlled by reason –~ dream –~ story –~ fears

95. collage A collage (From the French: coller, to glue, French pronunciation: [k ɔ.la ːʒ ]) is a work of formal art, primarily in the visual arts, made from an assemblage of different forms, thus creating a new whole.French[k ɔ.la ːʒ ]

99. Collage city A city that is a rich mixture of styles.

100. Postmodernism These movements, modernism and postmodernism, are understood as cultural projects or as a set of perspectives. "Postmodernism" is used in critical theory to refer to a point of departure for works of literature, drama, architecture, cinema, journalism, and design, as well as in marketing and business and in the interpretation of law, culture, and religion in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Indeed, postmodernism, particularly as an academic movement, can be understood as a reaction to modernism in the Humanities. Whereas modernism was primarily concerned with principles such as identity, unity, authority, and certainty, postmodernism is often associated with difference, plurality, textuality, and skepticism.

101. Postmodernism In general, the postmodern view is cool, ironic, and accepting of the fragmentation of contemporary existence. It tends to concentrate on surfaces rather than depths, to blur the distinctions between high and low culture, and as a whole to challenge a wide variety of traditional cultural values.

102. Philip Johnson's At&T Headquarters (now the SONY Building) is often cited as an example of postmodernism.

103. neo-modernism a philosophical position based on modernism but addressing the critique of modernism by postmodernism. It is currently associated with the work of Agnes Heller and Carlos Escudé, and is strongly rooted in the criticisms which Habermas has levelled at postmodern philosophy, namely that universalism and critical thinking are the two essential elements of human rights and that human rights create a superiority of some cultures over others. That is, that equality and relativism are "mutually contradictory".

104. facadism The practice of preserving the fronts of notable old buildings while demolishing the backs, often constructing modern interiors behind the old façades.

105. Facadism in the center of Brussels, leaving the façade of a building intact while demolishing and rebuilding its innards.Brussels

106. gamesmanship –the art of winning by using the rules to one ’ s own advantage without actually cheating 制胜绝招 ; 花招, 小动作

107. Today modern... village Today modern culture includes the simple geometric designs of the International Style, the fanciful designs of facadism and the playfulness of theme parks and museum villages.

108. sculpture –the art of shaping solid figures out of stone, wood, clay, metal etc

109. geodesic –(archit) having a structurally strong surface made up of short, straight, light weight bars that form a grid of polygons 筑成圆顶的， geodesic dome a building with a high round frame made of shapes with angles that fit together 密网格穹隆 ; 网格球顶

110. Leonardo ’ s self-portrait *6image-16leonardo ’ s self-potrait* *6image-17leonardomonalisa*

113. These are... history These are old faces ( 外观 ). They belong to the history of the past.

114. It is... there or not It is the image of a power that is forever playful and youthful. A power that creates regular and harmonious arrangements of things not caring whether such arrangements already exist or not.

115. neoclassic –designating or of a revival of classic style and form in art, literature etc as in England from 1660 – 1740; – adaptation or revival of the classical, esp. in art, music or architecture

116. They are... terminals The bank may be the front part of a store equipped with a device that looks like a slot machine and can communicate with the computers in the bank’s central office. terminal: a device through which a user can communicate with a computer; a device by which data can enter or leave a communication network.

117. In a computer …by other computers In a computer money becomes a series of electrical pulses representing numerical digits. These figures are handled and processed by the various computers.

118. That, perhaps, establishes … That, perhaps, shows how far logically modern aesthetic can go. The solid bans can become almost abstract and invisible./ This is perhaps the furthest limit of how solid objective things may be disappearing.

119. … the limit is a long way ahead, but it can be made out, just barely, through the haze over the road. Anyhow, it will take a long time before the disappearance of the banks occur but a dim outline of this can now be seen through the faint mists over these things.

120. As surely as nature is being swallowed up by the mind, the banks, you might say, are disappearing through their own skylights. As the objective images of nature are now fading from our minds, so are the banks appearing to disappear through their own skylights.

121. Theme the disappearance and the insubstantiality of the world The thesis --- The result is described precisely in a phrase that is already familiar: the disappearance of history. – nature disappears, history disappears and even the solid things, such as banks disappear.

122. Language features 1. Exhibiting certain features of scientific English – 1) scientific and technical terms – 2) short sentences/ simple present tense 2. The use of figurative language to reach a wider audience. –Metaphors, analogies, rhetorical questions, repetition and balanced structure 3. Clear, concise, objective and logical

123. IV. Paraphrase 1.Science is to make people of the world understand and accept its basic concepts. 2.The Fiesta seems to have disappeared completely. 3.The idea of a world car is almost the same as the idea of having a world style for architecture. /As architecture was moving toward a common International Style, it was natural for the automobile to do the same.

124. Paraphrase 4.Things happening in automaking are similar to those happening in architecture. 5.The modern man is no longer an individual, no longer the one shaped and molded by a distinct environment and culture. 6.The disadvantage is that he loses a home in the old sense of the word.

125. Paraphrase 7. The benefit of being a cosmopolitan is that he begins to think the old kind of home probably restricts his development and activities ． 8. The compulsory force of technology to universalize can not be resisted. 9. When every artist thought it was his duty to show his contempt for and objection to the Eiffel Tower which they considered an irreverent architectural structure ．

126. Paraphrase 10. a changing and flexible quality that was beyond human power and completely new. 11. When every artist thought it was his duty to show his contempt for and objection to the Eiffel Tower which they considered an irreverent architectural structure ． 12. Perhaps, that shows how far logically modern aesthetic can go./ The solid banks can become almost abstract and invisible ．