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Mediterranean Classical Civilization GREEKS AND ROMANS.

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Presentation on theme: "Mediterranean Classical Civilization GREEKS AND ROMANS."— Presentation transcript:

1 Mediterranean Classical Civilization GREEKS AND ROMANS

2 Vocab Alexander the Great Extended Greek Empire into Persia and India Hellenistic Period (After ATG died) Greek culture merged with ME. Alexandria becomes important Punic Wars (264-146 BCE) Between Roman republic and Phoenicians in Carthage Hannibal defeated and Rome take N Africa and Greece Julius Caesar Dictator of Roman Republic who made it an empire Constantine End of Roman empire moves capital allows Christianity to flourish Greek city-states “Polis” in Greek means city-state. United in language and religion but not gov Socrates Philosopher Encouraged students to challenge conventional wisdom Plato Socrates pupil Thought people could approach perfect forms of truth, beauty and goodness Aristotle Student of Plato developed logic and reasoning in Western sense stressed moderation

3 Iliad (Homer) Greek poem about the Trojan Wars Doric, Ionic, Corinthian Types of columns Battle of Marathon Persians invaded Greece and were defeated at Marathon King Xerxes Persian king that invaded Greece ultimately defeated Battle of Thermopylae Spartan King Leonidas and 300 take on Persian army Defeated but bought time for Greeks Zoroastrianism Persian religion developed by Zoroaster (600 BCE) Taught life is struggle good vs evil Humans choose Olympic Games Held at Olympia in honor of Zeus Peloponnesian Wars (431-404 BCE) Athens vs Sparta Sparta wins but Greek city-states are weakened Alexandria Seaport in Egypt founded by Alexander Center of Hellenistic culture

4 Carthage Ancient Phoenician city-state N Africa (Tunisia) Rome defeats Hannibal Carthaginian general led troops into Italy 2 nd Punic War Lost Augustus Caesar (63 BCE-14 BCE) Grandnephew of Julius Caesar Restored order to Rome 1 st emperor Polis Greek word for city-state Herodotus Greek historian called the “Father of History” wrote of Persian Wars Pythagoras Hellenistic mathematician basic geometric theorems still used today Euclid Hellenistic mathematician “Father of Geometry” Ptolemy Hellenistic astronomer dealing with geocentric theory Vergil (Virgil) Roman poet wrote the Aeneid

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6 Indo-Europeans Same as the Aryans Move into Greek islands (particularly Crete) Influenced by Nile and T&E Civilizations Eventually the Mycenae Kingdom emerges (1400 BCE) Trojan Wars (depicted by Homer) Iliad is about the last year Eventually destroyed by invaders

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11 Aeneas escaping Troy Helps found Rome

12 Persia Modern day Iran Major influence Had absorbed many Mesopotamian traits Cyrus the Great (550 BCE) Established an large empire Tolerant of local customs Advanced iron technology Developed Zoroastrianism Good vs evil and man must choose Art celebrating their rulers Ultimately had little influence on Med coast but Persian language and culture lasted in area of Iran until today Conquered by Alexander the Great

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15 Rise of Greek Civilization 800-600 BCE 1. Strong city-states (why could this be a problem?) Gov worked well b/c of mountains and terrain 2. Trade developed 3. Common language (From Phoenician alphabet) 4. Common culture (including gods) 5. Olympic Games (Why?) Sparta and Athens emerge as the most powerful

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17 Olympic Games Started in 776 BC Running (originally the only sport) Jumping Discus Boxing Equestrian Pankration

18 Athens vs Sparta 2 leading city-states Worked together to defeat the Persians Spread culture to S Italy and Turkey Athens Diverse commercial state with slaves Art, architecture and intellectual advances Leadership was direct democracy Sparta Strong military aristocracy with slaves

19 Architecture

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22 Athens Pericles (most famous politician) Aristocrat that ruled by influence and negotiation Allowed each citizen to participate Assemblies to 1. select officials 2. pass laws Restrained some Athenians trying to expand Couldn’t ultimately stop them

23 Peloponnesian War 431-404 BCE Athens vs Sparta (Sparta wins) Philip II of Macedon Eventually conquered those cities in 338 BCE Alexander the Great takes over Extends empire to 1. ME 2. India 3. Egypt Dies at age 33 and empire is split Start of Hellenistic Period

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30 Hellenistic Period Comes from Hellenes (AKA Greek) 1. Not much political innovation but consolidates Greek Civ 2. Trade flourished 3. Scientific study increase 4. Alexandria becomes educational center

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32 ROME Final phase of classical Mediterranean civilization Subjugated Greek and Hellenistic Kingdoms (1 st century) Began in 800 BCE Etruscans (616 BCE) Introduced the arch Built 1 st sewers and walls Introduced gladiator games and chariot races Overthrown by Roman aristocrats (509 BCE) Establish more elaborate political institutions for city-state Begins Roman Republic

33 Roman Republic Extends over the Italian Peninsula Social class 1. Patricians 2. Plebeians Cincinnatus (519-430 BCE) Early roman hero Patrician becomes dictator during war Wins the war gives up power and returns to his farm Serve for greater good

34 Punic Wars 264-146 BCE Fought Carthage (Phoenician city) Hannibal invades Italy (Over the Alps) Wins and controls much of Roman area for 15 years Eventually defeated by Scipio Africanus Carthage is destroyed Spread salt around the city WHY? Rome now controls Northern Africa and Greece

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38 Roman Republic End Government becomes unstable Victorious generals want more power Poor rebel 60 BCE Caesar, Crassus and Pompey (1 st Triumvirate) Crassus dies and Pompey aligns with Senate Caesar wins Gallic Wars (51 BCE) Gives Rome present day Belgium and France Caesar invades Britain Ordered to step down but crosses the Rubicon instead Leads to Civil War Caesar wins but is murdered Ides of March (15 th 44 BCE)

39 2 nd Triumvirate Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son and heir) Joins with Mark Anthony and Marcus Lepidus Defeat Caesars assassins In fighting leads to: Lepidus being exiled Mark Anthony commits suicide after being defeated Cleopatra commits suicide soon after Her son (Julius Caesar’s son) was executed Ptolemaic Dynasty ends Octavian becomes Augustus Caesar 27 BCE

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41 Roman Empire Government 1. Kept Senate but now mostly for show 2. Larger organizational capacity than city-states 3. Tolerance of local rule, customs and religion WHY? 4. Military held tremendous power 5. Law based on 1. objective judges not personal whim 2. promoted fairness based on commonsense Story of slave being shaved

42 Roman Empire Built vast public works Built to entertain and distract Colosseum (Flavian Amphiteater) Gladiator games etc Circus Maximus “bread and circus” Public baths Theaters Built for military and trade Roads Harbors

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49 Roman Religion Didn’t create a significant world class religion Christianity did arise from the Roman Empire Belief in spirits and gods and goddesses that regulate life Provided stories on how the world came to be but not how to behave/act ethically

50 Roman Religion Official religion Allowed other religions as long as it didn’t interfere with loyalty to the state What religion was persecuted at times? Why? Public ceremonies Jupiter (Zeus)Faun ApolloFlora NeptuneBacchus MarsCeres VenusCupid

51 Roman Religion Many common people not attracted to this Many turn to “mystery” religions Secret rituals Creates a further divide between upper and lower class

52 Economy Mostly farmers Tied to religious events and rituals for harvest Belief in afterlife WHY? Many farmers forced to be under large landlords Further leads to class division

53 Pax Romana 27 BC- 180 AD Time of relative peace in the Roman Empire Empire continued to expand Fought on borders but not much in the empire Ends when Marcus Aurelius dies

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55 Minoan Culture Crete 2700-1450 BCE Known for building columns etc (influenced Greeks etc) Cultural center was Knossos

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57 Hellenistic Society Used math to explain nature Made advances in geometry in medicine

58 Comparing Greece to Rome Differences G- known for politics (Athens- direct democracy) R- known for engineering Similarities Developed large commercial estates (little agr. Advances) Had slaves (agriculture, household, tutors, entertainment, mines) Involved citizens (although G sometimes elected tyrants) Strong military Worship of gods Public works Most common gov was aristocratic democracy Both colonized overseas areas

59 Rome compared Han Empire Similar to Han Cultural traditions established Imperial roads connected to Silk Road Peace in the empire Expansion of the empire Long established central gov. followed by bad leaders Different from Han H- Confidence in trained officials R- confidence in laws H- Assimilated the people they ruled (unified them) R- Allowed people to keep customs for loyalty R- created monumental architecture H- Gov positions based on scholarly achievement

60 3 main questions 1. Why did civilization decline? 2. Why did different regions see different patterns of decline with different results? 3. What was the significance of these developments from the end of one period to the beginning of another?

61 Expansion and Integration Basic themes Falter between 200-500 CE Decline starts in China, then Med, finally India World religions respond to political decline and fill the void

62 Classical civilizations Feature new ideas, technologies, and institutions 550- 400 BCE China- Confucius and Laozi Buddha Socrates- Greece All 3 inspired by a need to have core values in society

63 Expansion Ideas China Centralization of politics India and Mediterranean Localized and diverse I- Religious values cement civilization (Hinduism) M- Culture spread widely but involved less of population open to fragmentation

64 Integration 2 basic issues 1. Territorial China- try to control southern part Settle northerners there Common language for elite India (Hinduism) In south caste system spread Rome Local autonomy and tolerance Citizenship to elites in empire Commercial network grain areas and grape/olive areas become interdependent

65 Integration 2. Social All 3 inequality for: A. men and women B. upper class and lower class Differ M- slavery India- Caste system China- Confucian hierarchy Most leading thinkers (except Buddha) did not oppose inequality China Classes but shared values Emphasis on family and self-restraint Med Offer protection to some locals (clients) Civic rituals foster loyalty India Common religion Hope that reincarnation leads to higher class ***STILL HAVE SLAVE REBELLIONS AND CLASS UPRISINGS

66 Beyond Classical Civ Borders of major civilizations (some similarities but autonomous) 1. NE Africa 2. Japan 3. Northern Europe 4. Americas Trade was a major factor in spread of civilization

67 Kush 1000 BCE (Kushites) Upper Nile (Sudan) Writing derived from hieroglyphics Use/advancement of iron Major cities built 750 BCE Conquered Egypt Strong monarch (king is divine) Conquered by Axum (300 BCE)

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70 Ethiopians Conquered Axum Traded with Med Traders converted some to Judaism 4 th CE King Ezana converts to Christianity Cut off from others flourished on its own Worlds oldest continuous monarchy (20 th century) ULTIMATELY Kushites have limited impact on others

71 Sub-Saharan Africa to the jungles

72 Major development of agriculture Fringes of Sahara less arid than today Spread slowly due to: 1. dense forests 2. diseases for domesticated animals Eventually root crops and plantains allowed farming to spread Regional kingdoms (West Africa) 1. Ghana 1 st major empire Salt and gold traded but not produced 2. Mali Gradually Islam spread by trade 3. Songhai

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76 Japan 200 CE Estab extensive agriculture Came from Korean migrations Regional political organization Tribal chief Shintoism has major influence Each area has a local god (ancestor) Use of iron tools 400 CE Korean scribes introduce writing National politics Regional ruler unites Japan Start of Imperial house Emperor is worshipped as religious figure

77 N Europe Teutonic or Celtic people Germany, England and Scandinavia Slavic people in the East Regional kingdoms Some had been conquered by Rome No written language except where Latin introduced Agriculture still not advanced Lots of hunting Scandinavians became skilled at sailing 1000 CE N Europe was a backwards place

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79 Americas Lack the wheel and iron technology Olmecs (Mother Culture) 800 BCE- 400 BCE Created a writing system Built pyramid like structures Agriculture based on corn Accurate calendars using zero (1 st such use) Disappeared WHY? Influence Teotihuacan and Maya Chavin (Andes mountains) Potato Influence Inca

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82 Polynesians 1000 BCE Reached Fiji and Samoa 400 BCE Reached Hawaii Large canoes

83 Cultural Interaction Nomadic people act as contacts between people Civilizations farming people and town people are linked Major influences in cultural diffusion 1. Fighting People learn new tactics Discover new weapons (exp China gunpowder) 2. Trade Religion Art Agriculture Technology Disease

84 Decline In China From 200- 600 CE All 3 classical civilizations collapsed All 3 were invaded by the Huns 100 CE Han dynasty in serious decline 1. Weakened central gov (bureaucrats corrupt) 2. Social unrest (upset about taxes) 3. Epidemics (kill ½ pop) All 3 open China to invasion by Huns Daoism gains popularity (Yellow Turbans promise Golden Age) Ultimately failed Buddhism rises and spreads to many areas Still doesn’t fix problems totally By 600 China revived (Confucianism and bureaucracy) Unlike Rome culture/politics too strong to be permanently destroyed Sui dynasty Tang dynasty (most importantly)

85 Decline in India Not as drastic as China 600 CE Huns destroy Gupta Empire (couldn’t resolve fragmentation) Rajput (Regional princes) control small states Hinduism gains ground (Buddhism doesn’t appeal to warriors who like the caste system) Hindu texts written in vernacular (sanskrit declines) After 600 CE Islam enters India in NW Arab traders control Indian Ocean trade routes Muslim faith increases but never becomes the main religion

86 Decline of Rome 1. Population declined Hire German soldiers (cost money) 2. Leadership was poor (moral decay) 3. Economy suffered 4. Tax collection problems (people can’t pay) 5. Despondent citizens (plagues) Measles Rome pop 1 million to 250,000 Decline happened mostly in the west not east More disruptive than China or India Emperor Diocletian Help improve conditions (tax collection etc) Last major persecution of Christians Emperor Constantine Moved capital to regulate E better (makes W worse) Used Christianity to unify empire (Byzantine Empire)

87 Rome’s End 400 Germanic invaders Some welcomed them WHY? 476 CE Last Roman Emperor fell Major problems of the Roman Empire 1. Rome didn’t have political unity like China However both did have internal problems 2. No religion to unify people like India

88 Last of Persian Empires Tried to revive Persian ideals Get rid of Greek influence Parthian Sassanid Revive Zoroastrianism Last Persian Empire Ultimately conquered by Arabs

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91 Rise of Religion 200-600 CE Many saw a declining world Disease was prevalent Turn to religion to give them hope (afterlife) Christianity in West Buddhism in China and the East Islam in between Syncretism Take on features of local culture in religion

92 Religion Hinduism Stayed mainly in India Changed little Buddhism Spread and changed (big in Japan, Korea, Vietnam) Lost some hold in China (dynasty’s revived) Daoism Grew its influence in China

93 Christianity Jesus central figure Taught spiritual equality Better afterlife Women could worship with men Given leadership roles in convents Why would people choose this religion? Spreads quickly after fall of Rome (mission work)

94 Post-Classical World 3 major themes 1. Response to the collapse of classical world Society reevaluates key institutions and values 2. Creation and spread of new religions 3. Increase in agriculture leads to changes Trade had a major influence on the new world Civilizations fell overland trade routes became unsafe Trade moves to the sea Connects places that had no contact before


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