1. The Solar System Planets & their sizes

6. The Planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars –Inner planets – nearest to the sun –Terrestrial planets – have solid, rocky crusts Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune –Outer planets – farthest from sun –G as Giant Planets – more gaseous & less dense Largest – Jupiter Smallest – was Pluto, now Mercury Earth is the 5 th largest

7. PlanetInner or Outer?Size# of Moons Terrestrial/Gas Giant MercuryInner 3,032 mi ZeroTerrestrial – scalding hot VenusInner 7,521 mi ZeroTerrestrial – scalding hot EarthInner -3 rd planet from the sun - about 93 million miles away 7,926 mi OneTerrestrial – has liquid water at the surface and can support varieties of life

8. MarsInner 4,218 mi TwoTerrestrial – cold, barren desert JupiterOuter Largest - 88,694 mi 62Gas Giant SaturnOuter 74,586 mi 33Gas Giant UranusOuter 31,784 mi 27Gas Giant NeptuneOuter 30,832 mi 13Gas Giant PlanetInner or Outer? Size# of Moons Terrestrial/ Gas Giant

9. Asteroids, Comets, Meteoroids Asteroids: small, irregularly shaped, planetlike objects; mainly found between Mars and Jupiter in asteroid belt; a few follow paths that cross the Earth’s orbit Comets: made of icy dust particles and frozen gases; look like bright balls with long, feathery tails Meteoroids: pieces of space debris

10. Water, Land, and Air Oceans, lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water make up the Hydrosphere About 70% of our earth is water

11. Lithosphere - Land makes up the part of this earth - includes the ocean basins (land beneath the oceans) Water, Land, and Air

12. Atmosphere ~ The air we breathe - 6,000 miles above earth’s surface Water, Land, and Air

13. Biosphere: part of earth that supports life Water, Land, and Air

14. Landforms 7 continents Continent Quiz

15. Earth Notes Chapter 2 ~ Section 2 Forces of Change

16. The Earth’s Interior Inner Core – about 4,000 miles below the surface of the Earth Inner Core – about 4,000 miles below the surface of the Earth Outer Core – 1,400 miles thick, temperature reaches 8500°F Outer Core – 1,400 miles thick, temperature reaches 8500°F

17. Earth’s Interior (con’t) Mantle: layer of hot, dense rock – MAGMA Mantle: layer of hot, dense rock – MAGMA

18. Earth’s Interior (con’t) Crust: rocky shell forming Earth’s surface. Crust: rocky shell forming Earth’s surface. The crust is broken into slabs of rock called plates. The crust is broken into slabs of rock called plates. Natural forces interact with the crust, creating landforms on the surface of the earth. Natural forces interact with the crust, creating landforms on the surface of the earth. Below the oceans, the crust is about 5 miles thick. Below the continents it averages 22 miles in thickness. Below the oceans, the crust is about 5 miles thick. Below the continents it averages 22 miles in thickness.

19. Earth’s Interior (con’t) Plates - float on a melted layer in the upper mantle Plates - float on a melted layer in the upper mantle - carry the earth’s oceans and continents - carry the earth’s oceans and continents

20. Internal Forces of Change

21.  The lithosphere — the earth’s crust and upper layer of the mantle — is broken into a number of large, moving plates. The Plate Tectonic Theory

22.  The plates slide very slowly over a hot, pliable layer of mantle.   The earth’s oceans and continents ride atop of the plates.   It’s along the plate boundaries that most earthquakes and volcanoes occur due to friction and pressure that produces heat. The Plate Tectonic Theory

23. Plate Movement Plate movement: creates oceans and mountain ranges

25. Plate Movement Continental Drift: the theory that the continents were once joined and then slowly drifted apart Continental Drift: the theory that the continents were once joined and then slowly drifted apart

26. Plate Movement Pangaea: gigantic super continent which eventually broke apart

28. Observe an animation of the breakup of Pangaea http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_scienc e/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806pa ge01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_scienc e/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806pa ge01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_scienc e/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806pa ge01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_scienc e/terc/content/visualizations/es0806/es0806pa ge01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

29. Examine an animation of plate movement predicted for the future http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/ content/visualizations/es0807/es0807page01.cfm?chap ter_no=visualization http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/ content/visualizations/es0807/es0807page01.cfm?chap ter_no=visualization http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/ content/visualizations/es0807/es0807page01.cfm?chap ter_no=visualization http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/ content/visualizations/es0807/es0807page01.cfm?chap ter_no=visualization

30. Ring of Fire A A circle of volcanic mountains surrounding the Pacific Ocean It is one of the most earthquake-prone & volcano-prone areas on the planet. It is one of the most earthquake-prone & volcano-prone areas on the planet. Hot Spots Hot Spots are hot regions deep within the mantle that produce magma, which rises to the surface. Volcanic island chains form as oceanic plates drift over the hot spot. Example: Hawaiian Islands http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es 0904/es0904page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es 0904/es0904page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es 0904/es0904page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es 0904/es0904page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

32. What Happens When Plates Meet? Nice to meet you!

33. When they meet, friction locks them into place for a long period, allowing pressure to build below the crust. When they meet, friction locks them into place for a long period, allowing pressure to build below the crust. When pressure is too great, they move with tremendous energy. When pressure is too great, they move with tremendous energy.

34. Volcanoes Form when magma inside the earth breaks through the crust. Lava flows and may produce a large, cone-shaped mountain Form when magma inside the earth breaks through the crust. Lava flows and may produce a large, cone-shaped mountain They often form along plate boundaries They often form along plate boundaries Magma splits the earth’s surface when plates collide Magma splits the earth’s surface when plates collide

36. Fault—a break in the earth’s crust. Movement along a fault can send out shock waves, causing an earthquake.

38. San Andreas Fault

40. A devastating fire followed the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco

41. The San Fernando earthquake of 1971 collapsed freeway overpasses in southern California

42. Converging/Collision Zone Plates collide and push slowly against each other and form a collision or converging zone. Plates collide and push slowly against each other and form a collision or converging zone. If 2 oceanic plates collide, 1 slides under the other. Islands often form this way. If 2 oceanic plates collide, 1 slides under the other. Islands often form this way. If 2 continental plates collide, mountains are formed. Example: Himalayas If 2 continental plates collide, mountains are formed. Example: Himalayas

43. Continental Crush / Collide

44. Spreading Zone Plates pull away from each other and form a spreading zone. These areas are likely to have earthquakes, volcanoes, and rift valleys (a large split along the crest of a mountain). http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/te rc/content/visualizations/es0804/es0804page01.c fm?chapter_no=visualization http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/te rc/content/visualizations/es0804/es0804page01.c fm?chapter_no=visualization

46. Spreading Zone

47. Subduction They meet, or CONVERGE and form a subduction zone. *If an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, the heavier oceanic plate will slide under the lighter, continental plate. This results in volcanic mountain building and earthquakes.

49. Subduction

52. Accretion Oceanic plates slide under continental plates and scrape off seamounts, leaving debris that causes the continents to grow outward. Oceanic plates slide under continental plates and scrape off seamounts, leaving debris that causes the continents to grow outward.

53. External Forces of Change

54. External Forces What other forces can create landforms? What other forces can create landforms? Weathering – a process that breaks down rock at or near the surface into smaller pieces. Weathering – a process that breaks down rock at or near the surface into smaller pieces. - This is a VERY slow process – thousands to millions of years. Mechanical Weathering occurs when rock freezes – it can cause Frost Wedging, a crack in the rock caused by freezing. Mechanical (or Physical) Weathering occurs when rock freezes – it can cause Frost Wedging, a crack in the rock caused by freezing.

61. Chemical Weathering – Chemical Weathering – alters the rock’s chemical alters the rock’s chemical makeup by changing the makeup by changing the minerals. This can actually minerals. This can actually change one kind of rock into another. change one kind of rock into another. Important forces in Chemical Weathering are moisture and carbon dioxide. Important forces in Chemical Weathering are moisture and carbon dioxide. Through this process caves are created. Through this process caves are created. Acid Rain causes another type of chemical weathering that destroys forests, pollutes water and kills wildlife. Acid Rain causes another type of chemical weathering that destroys forests, pollutes water and kills wildlife.

62. Over thousands of years, areas with limestone rocks can develop caves. Over thousands of years, areas with limestone rocks can develop caves. Groundwater dissolves a network of tunnels in the rock. If the water table is lowered by a change in climate or tectonic uplift of the area, groundwater drains out of the tunnels, leaving the caverns exposed to air. Groundwater dissolves a network of tunnels in the rock. If the water table is lowered by a change in climate or tectonic uplift of the area, groundwater drains out of the tunnels, leaving the caverns exposed to air. http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizat ions/es1405/es1405page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizat ions/es1405/es1405page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

63. EROSION Erosion is the movement of weathered materials including gravel, soil and sand. Erosion is the movement of weathered materials including gravel, soil and sand. The most common agents of erosion are water, wind and glaciers. The most common agents of erosion are water, wind and glaciers.

64. WATER AND EROSION Moving Water (rain, rivers, streams and oceans) is the greatest agent of erosion. Moving Water (rain, rivers, streams and oceans) is the greatest agent of erosion. Sediment – small particles of soil, sand, and gravel - is carried by the moving water and works like sandpaper to grind away rocks. Sediment – small particles of soil, sand, and gravel - is carried by the moving water and works like sandpaper to grind away rocks.

65. Erosion Sullivan Falls Rickett’s Glen State Park Pennsylvania

66. Sediment Sediment from the River Rhône flowing into Lake Geneva.

67. http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_scienc e/terc/content/visualizations/es0604/es0604pa ge01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_scienc e/terc/content/visualizations/es0604/es0604pa ge01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_scienc e/terc/content/visualizations/es0604/es0604pa ge01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_scienc e/terc/content/visualizations/es0604/es0604pa ge01.cfm?chapter_no=visualizationSediment

68. Sediment creates new landforms such as floodplains & deltas. Floodplains Deltas form at the mouth of a river

69. Wind Erosion The second major cause of erosion is wind, especially where there is little water and few plants. The second major cause of erosion is wind, especially where there is little water and few plants. Wind Erosion can devastate one area while benefiting another – HOW? Wind Erosion can devastate one area while benefiting another – HOW? Loess – windblown deposits of mineral-rich dust Loess – windblown deposits of mineral-rich dust

70. GLACIERS CAUSE EROSION? Glaciers are slow moving sheets of ice that are formed over many years.

71. GLACIERS How do they cause erosion? How do they cause erosion? The movement cuts through land creating lakes. The movement cuts through land creating lakes. They melt away and then rebuild again over thousands of years. They melt away and then rebuild again over thousands of years.