1. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Chapter 2 Biomechanics of Force Production

2. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Introduction Biomechanics –Science of applying principles of mechanics to biological systems –Applies to: All motor skills performed in sports All training modalities –Kinetics: deals with forces that cause motion –Kinematics: description of motion

3. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Muscle Actions Concentric (CON): muscle shortening Eccentric (ECC): muscle lengthening Isometric (ISOM): no change in muscle length Isokinetic: velocity-controlled CON & ECC muscle actions

4. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Active Muscle Length-Tension Relationship

5. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Passive Muscle Length-Tension Relationship

6. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Force-Velocity Relationship

7. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Muscle Architecture Nonpennate: fibers parallel to muscle’s line of pull –Longitudinal (strap): sartorius –Quadrate (quadrilateral): rhomboids –Fan-shaped (radiate, triangular): pectoralis major –Fusiform: biceps brachii Pennate: fibers oblique to line of pull –Unipennate: tibialis posterior –Bipennate: rectus femoris –Multipennate: deltoid

8. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Muscle Architecture (cont’d)

9. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Muscle Architecture (cont’d) Muscle Fiber Arrangement –Angle of pennation Angle between fibers & central tendon Low (≤5°) High (>30°) –Muscle fascicle length

10. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Torque and Leverage Linear Motion Angular Motion Torque –Rotation caused by a force about a specific axis –Product of force & moment arm length Lever –Used to overcome large resistance & enhance speed & ROM –Components: fulcrum (pivot point), resistance, & force –First-, second-, & third-class levers

11. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Torque Generation at Two Angles of Force Application

12. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Three Classes of Levers

13. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Effort Arm Changes During Elbow Flexion

14. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Ascending-Descending Strength (Torque) Curve

15. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Ascending Strength (Force) Curve

16. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Descending Strength (Force) Curve

17. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Action/Reaction Forces and Friction Action Force –Force applied to an object with the intent to accelerate, decelerate, stop, maintain, or change direction Reaction Force –Equal & opposite force in response to action force (Newton’s 3 rd law of motion) Friction –Force parallel to action & reaction forces that acts to oppose relative motion of these two surfaces

18. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Ground-Reaction Force Curves

19. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Stability Ability of an object to resist changes in equilibrium Principles of stability –Greater stability is seen when: Center of gravity (COG) is lower Line of gravity is aligned equidistantly within base support Base support is wide Objects with larger mass Level of friction is greater –Stability decreases when external loading is applied to upper body

20. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Mass and Inertia Mass –The amount of matter an object takes up Inertia –Resistance of an object to changing its motion In Linear Motion: –Greater mass & greater inertia = greater stability In Angular Motion: –Distribution of mass is critical –Moment of inertia: property of an object to resist changes in angular motion; a product of object’s mass & mass distribution

21. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Momentum and Impulse Linear impulse (F × T) = linear momentum (m × ∆v) –So, F × T = m × ∆v –Increasing force and/or time increases impulse –Increasing mass and/or velocity increases momentum Angular impulse = torque × time Angular momentum = joint angular velocity × moment of inertia –Maximizing angular momentum necessitates optimal combination of angular velocity & moment of inertia

22. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Body Size Larger the body size, the larger the force potential –Relative to muscle mass –Positive relationship between muscle mass & absolute force production As body size increases, body mass increases to a greater extent than muscle strength

23. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Other Kinetic Factors in S&C Intra-Abdominal Pressure (IAP) –Pressure developed within abdominal cavity during contraction –Pushes against spine & helps keep torso upright –Prevents lower-back injuries –Increased by: Abdominal contraction & subsequent trunk muscle training Breath holding Lifting belts

24. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Intra-Abdominal Pressure

25. Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine Other Kinetic Factors in S&C (cont’d) Lifting Accessories –Lifting belts –Wraps –Bench press shirts –Lifting suits