1. RUSSIAN STUDIES IN WESTERN HISTORIOGRAPHY Theme 2. Problems of social and economic modernization of imperial Russia in modern historical Russian Studies I. Poberezchnikov Yekaterinburg 2014

2. The concept of modernization of the imperial Russia (Cyril Black) The starting point was the 1861 as the boundary between the "predominantly rural" and "predominantly industrial era" in Russian. The key thesis: Russia followed the same path as modernized Western Europe. Features of "Russian variant“: economic backwardness, Defensive position of the Russian Empire in relation to the more modernized countries of Western and Central Europe, the dominant role of the state, which is literally permeated all aspects of society.

3. The concept of "stages of underdevelopment" (Alexander Gerschenkron) The focus in the process of industrialization, by which he meant: increase of the volume of core capital changes in technology, in the effect of scale (reduction of long-term average production costs per unit of production); conversion of agricultural workers and small artisans into factory workers; the emergence of entrepreneurs. The reform of 1861 did not create the preconditions for industrial development, because did not create a class of landless peasants on the type of England.

4. The concept of substitutes of the missing prerequisites for industrial development: State’s demands for capital goods as a compensation for the low purchasing power of the population; modern technologies that protect the living labor as a payment of shortage of manpower in the industry; import technology and skilled, mainly engineering, cadres from countries of Western Europe, as payment of the lack of their technical knowledge and education. increasing the size of companies and the role of the state bureaucracy as payment of shortage of entrepreneurs in the country

5. Economic dualism - the lack of harmony in the development of the economy The lack of labor productivity growth in agriculture was caused by pressure on the incomes of the peasantry by the state The industrial sector was dynamic and static – agrarian Thus, according to the theory of "stages of economic backwardness," the higher the level of backwardness of the country: the larger the state intervention in the economy; the greater the dependence on foreign technology and capital; the more clearly the trend towards concentration of production; the more obvious tendency to development of heavy industry.

6. The theory of Modernization (Theodor von Laue) Laue T. von. Sergei Witte and the industrialization of Russia. Cambr. (Mass.), 1963. Laue T. von. Why Lenin? Why Stalin? A reappraisal of the Russian revolution, 1900—1930. Philadelphia, 1964.

7. The theory of Modernization (Theodor von Laue) Russia is a backward country. Traditional lack of independence of the Russian historical process. The Revolution of Westernization: "Revolution from without" included the rapid industrial development, industrialization, which was deeply alien to Russian phenomenon came into irreconcilable collision with all the established institutions on a national basis, broke the usual way of life. The industrialization of the Russian company evokes a feeling of spontaneous resentment and disgust. Bottom line: "New orders more deeply penetrated Russian life"; the other side - a rapid development of capitalism has not changed the Russian people The inevitability of revolution The revolution was imminent, but did not change the situation fundamentally. The revolution was "the first great example of a successful uprising of non-Europe against Europe."

8. "Optimistic model" of Russian economic modernization (American economic historian Paul Gregory) Gregory P. The economical growth of the Russian Empire. M., 2003 Russia entered the stage of "modern economic growth" in the mid-1880s. The structural changes that took place in the Russian economy over the next 30 years, it is comparable to the experience of other countries in the period of "modern economic growth". During these 30 years, Russia's economy has been transformed from an agrarian into an industrial-agrarian based on dynamic market development model.

9. The specifics of Russian development: the relatively high share of agriculture and the low share of industry in the structure of the economy technological backwardness; multiplicity and the high rate of population growth; the relative backwardness of agriculture; lower rates of per capita income in comparison with the leading industrial nations